蛋白质的磷酸化修饰及其研究方法

蛋白质磷酸化是一种重要的翻译后修饰，它参与和调控生物体内的许多生命活动。随着蛋白质组技术的不断发展，蛋白质磷酸化的研究越来越受到广泛的重视。本文介绍了蛋白质磷酸化修饰的主要类型与功能、磷酸化兰白质及磷酸化肽的标记和分离与富集、磷酸化肽及磷酸化位点分析以及蛋白质的磷酸化改性等方法,并综述了近年来国内外的主要研究进展。     

禁食对小鼠下丘脑磷酸化蛋白质组的影响

本研究旨在通过干预小鼠进食,探讨对小鼠下丘脑中蛋白质磷酸化修饰和相关信号通路的影响,为完善蛋白磷酸化调控网络提供有价值的信息.将实验小鼠平均分为3组,分别为对照组(con)、禁食组(D2)和禁食后恢复组(DR),每组小鼠数量为3只.在48 h内,con组正常提供饲料,D2组不提供饲料,DR组前44 h不提供饲料、后4 h提供饲料.同时解剖3组小鼠并提取下丘脑组织,提取、纯化和酶解下丘脑组织的蛋白质,并采用二氧化钛富集分离技术富集磷酸化肽段,运用高通量液相色谱-质谱联用进行检测,以鉴定样品中的磷酸化蛋白质组.利用非标记定量方法筛选差异表达的磷酸化蛋白以及位点,对鉴定数据进行GO富集和KEGG通路分析,并探究磷酸化蛋白间的相互作用关系.结果显示,共鉴定到4 810个磷酸化蛋白质,对应于14 259个磷酸化位点发生了变化.采用数学统计方法分析,成功确认小鼠下丘脑中有681个磷酸化蛋白差异显著,观察到这些差异蛋白与蛋白结合、激酶行为、转运、轴突生成等分子活动和生物学过程有关,并富集到了MAPK、细胞内噬和环磷酸腺苷信号通路等11个主要的信号通路.这说明禁食会对小鼠下丘脑中多种蛋白质的磷酸化修饰...     

小鼠Connexin31蛋白磷酸化定位

间隙连接蛋白31(Connexin31,Cx31)是间隙连接蛋(Connexin)家族的一员,目前对于Cx31的功能及其调节方式知之甚少.本文通过免疫沉淀、SDS-PAGE分离、蛋白质条带回收、蛋白质胶块酶解、4-磺酸苯异硫氰酸酯修饰、PSD-MALDI-TOF质谱分析、数据分析、确定小鼠Cx31磷酸化位点.     

运用生物质谱分析磷酸化多肽合成中的主产物

蛋白质磷酸化是生物体内非常重要的翻译后修饰,磷酸化多肽及其类似物对研究和阐明蛋白质磷酸化修饰对生命活动的调节机制具有十分重要的作用,采用4-磺酸苯异硫腈酸酯修饰,源后衰减基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(PSD-MALDI)模式分析合成磷酸化多肽,建立了一种简便易行的磷酸化多肽鉴定及定位方法.     

20℃和25℃条件下秀丽隐杆线虫衰老过程中磷酸化蛋白质组学的研究

衰老过程受到包括温度在内的众多环境因素的影响。蛋白质磷酸化是重要的翻译后修饰,调控多种生命活动,在衰老过程中也起着重要作用。秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans,C.elegans)是经典的衰老研究的模式生物。为了探究蛋白质磷酸化修饰在不同温度下衰老过程中的作用,我们对20℃(常温)和25℃(高温)培养条件下成年时期第1天、第5天、第10天的秀丽隐杆线虫样品进行了磷酸化组学分析工作。我们采用基于DIA的非标定量分析方法,系统地比较了不同样品间的磷酸化组学差异。共9 145条高可信度的磷酸化肽段被鉴定到,对应3 317个磷酸化蛋白质。经过筛选,最终6 624条磷酸化肽段被定量到,其中有1 093条显著变化的磷酸化肽段,来自于858个磷酸化蛋白质,包含1 426个磷酸化位点,通过进一步的生物信息学分析,揭示了衰老过程中的磷酸化变化规律。     

决策树算法预测人类病毒的蛋白质磷酸化位点

本文基于决策树分类算法构建人类病毒蛋白质磷酸化修饰位点的预测模型。采用氨基酸物理化学性质对蛋白质序列进行特征提取,并分析丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点邻近序列的氨基酸性质。同时考察了不同分类算法对预测结果的影响。通过10倍交叉验证,利用决策树算法预测丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点的MCC分别达到77.31%、75.91%和71.94%,表明本文提出的方法能有效地预测人类病毒的磷酸化修饰位点。     

人类病毒蛋白质磷酸化修饰位点的识别研究

蛋白质磷酸化翻译后修饰在病毒的复制和抑制宿主细胞功能方面发挥重要的作用。然而,利用实验的方法识别磷酸化位点既费时费力又耗财。因此基于蛋白质氨基酸序列发展一种机器学习方法对病毒蛋白磷酸化位点进行预测显得非常有必要。研究结合支持向量机提出识别病毒蛋白磷酸化位点的新方法。采用权重氨基酸成分和属性分组编码对病毒蛋白残基的氨基酸物理化学性质和序列信息进行特征提取,通过10倍交叉验证,丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点的预测准确率分别达到82.0%、85.8%和92.4%。运用该预测模型对丝氨酸残基磷酸化的激酶组进行分类评估,CMGC、AGC和CAMK激酶组的马氏相关系数分别达到69.3%、68.8%和68.2%。结果表明:构建的方法可以有效地预测激酶特异性的磷酸化位点。     

短尾蝮蛇毒金属蛋白酶和磷脂酶A_2的分离纯化及磷酸化修饰检测

利用阴离子层析、凝胶排阻色谱和反相高效液相色谱从短尾蝮蛇毒中分离金属蛋白酶和磷脂酶A2,用蛋白印迹法检测两种组分的磷酸化修饰信号,结合LC-MS质谱鉴定并预测磷酸化修饰位点.结果表明,利用3种色谱法串联组合,最终分离获得两种条带单一且纯度高的短尾蝮蛇毒蛋白,经LC-MS质谱鉴定分别为蛇毒金属蛋白酶和磷脂酶A2.免疫印迹检测发现这两种蛇毒蛋白受到明显的磷酸化修饰,解析质谱图发现蛇毒金属蛋白酶有4个氨基酸位点受到潜在的磷酸化修饰(含1个丝氨酸和3个苏氨酸),磷脂酶A2仅有1个酪氨酸位点受到潜在的修饰.所得结果是磷酸化位点修饰抗体在蛇毒蛋白磷酸化修饰信号检测中的一次尝试,基于修饰位点的预测可为蛇毒蛋白功能受磷酸化修饰影响的研究提供基础.     

神经退行性疾病相关蛋白的翻译后修饰

特定靶蛋白的翻译后修饰对其执行细胞功能有重要作用,是细胞对生长、分化和应激等信号刺激所产生的调节功能的一种反应.翻译后修饰包括磷酸化修饰、乙酰化、甲基化、泛素化、类泛素化等不同的修饰.在神经退行性疾病的研究中,翻译后修饰对疾病的发生和病理影响日益受到人们的重视,我们对磷酸化、泛素化和类泛素化(SUMO化)修饰与神经退行疾病的关系及本实验室的工作进行介绍.     

磷酸化修饰蛋白激酶PKCθ转折片段的结构动力学模拟研究

磷酸化修饰是蛋白或多肽调节一种重要方法.利用分子动力学模拟方法,比较研究了蛋白激酶(protein kinase C-θ,PKCθ)催化域的转折片段Ser676位点磷酸化修饰前后的结构动力学特点.模拟结果和氢键分析显示,此位点的磷酸化修饰对这一片段的结构有显著的影响,有助于增加结构的稳定性.此结果有益于进一步研究PKCθ的结构动力学和相关实验研究.     

Sequencing of phosphopeptides sulfonated by 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate using post-source decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is probably the most common and important reversible post-translational modification of proteins. Analyzing the functional effects of phosphorylation is helpful for understanding the biological functions of proteins. Identification of the phosphorylation sites of phosphorylated protein is a prerequisite for research on phosphorylation. In this work, an effective and simple method of identification of protein phosphorylation sites has been developed. Phosphopeptides were selectively enriched with immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and subsequently chemically modified by 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate, and then the chemically modified phosphopeptides were sequenced with post-source decay (PSD) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry for detecting phosphorylation sites. The charge of derivatization by 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate introduces a negative sulfonic acid group at the N-terminus of a peptide, and enables the selective detection of only a single series of C-terminal y-type ions. This chemically assisted method greatly simplifies the extremely complex pattern of PSD fragment ions and makes the PSD spectra more easier to be interpreted. The phosphorylation sites of a synthesized model phosphopeptide and human c-myc protein have been successfully identified by this method.     

Research progress in protein post-translational modification

A. Ciechanover and A. Hershko, Israel scientists, and American scientist O. Rose have received the Nobel Prize of 2004 in chemistry because they have discovered themechanism of the ubiquitin-regulated proteolysis. Their work indicates the research directi…     

Abolition of actin-bundling by phosphorylation of human erythrocyte protein 4.9

Protein 4.9, first identified as a component of the human erythrocyte membrane skeleton, binds to and bundles actin filaments. Protein 4.9 is a substrate for various kinases, including a cyclic AMP(cAMP)-dependent one, in vivo and in vitro. We show here that phosphorylation of protein 4.9 by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase reversibly abolishes its actin-bundling activity, but phosphorylation by protein kinase C has no such effect. A quantitative immunoassay showed that human erythrocytes contain 43,000 trimers of protein 4.9 per cell, which is equivalent to one trimer for each actin oligomer in these red blood cells. As analogues of protein 4.9 have been identified together with analogues of other erythroid skeletal proteins in non-erythroid tissues of numerous vertebrates, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of protein 4.9 may be the basis for a mechanism that regulates actin bundling in many cells.     

Phosphorylation of WAVE1 regulates actin polymerization and dendritic spine morphology

WAVE1--the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)--family verprolin homologous protein 1--is a key regulator of actin-dependent morphological processes in mammals, through its ability to activate the actin-related protein (Arp2/3) complex. Here we show that WAVE1 is phosphorylated at multiple sites by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) both in vitro and in intact mouse neurons. Phosphorylation of WAVE1 by Cdk5 inhibits its ability to regulate Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization. Loss of WAVE1 function in vivo or in cultured neurons results in a decrease in mature dendritic spines. Expression of a dephosphorylation-mimic mutant of WAVE1 reverses this loss of WAVE1 function in spine morphology, but expression of a phosphorylation-mimic mutant does not. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling reduces phosphorylation of the Cdk5 sites in WAVE1, and increases spine density in a WAVE1-dependent manner. Our data suggest that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of WAVE1 in neurons has an important role in the formation of the filamentous actin cytoskeleton, and thus in the regulation of dendritic spine morphology.     

Modulation of brain polyphosphoinositide metabolism by ACTH-sensitive protein phosphorylation

Phosphorylation of membrane components is thought to be an important process in membrane function. Phosphorylated proteins and a special class of phospholipids, the (poly)phosphoinositides (poly PI), are implicated in the regulation of membrane permeability and synaptic transmission in neurones. For many years, protein phosphorylation and poly PI metabolism have been studied in parallel without knowledge of their possible interaction. We report here that the ACTH-sensitive protein kinase/B-50 protein complex which we recently isolated in soluble form from rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes has lipid phosphorylating activity. Exogenously added phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (DPI) is phosphorylated to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (TPI), and this DPI-kinase activity is dependent on the state of phosphorylation of the protein kinase/B-50 protein complex. The results imply that phosphorylation of protein may affect the metabolism of (poly) PI in brain cell membranes.     

The molecular mechanism by which insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in mammalian skeletal muscle

The ability of insulin to promote the phosphorylation of some proteins and the dephosphorylation of others is paradoxical. An insulin-stimulated protein kinase is shown to activate the type-1 protein phosphatase that controls glycogen metabolism, by phosphorylating its regulatory subunit at a specific serine. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of this residue is stimulated by insulin in vivo. Increased and decreased phosphorylation of proteins by insulin can therefore be explained through the same basic underlying mechanism.     

Ecto-protein kinase activity on the external surface of neural cells

ATP is secreted in association with neurotransmitters at certain synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Extracellular ATP is known to exert potent effects on the activity of cells in the nervous system, where it can act as a neurotransmitter or as a modulator regulating the activity of other neurohormones. We have suggested that such modulation may involve the activity of extracellular protein phosphorylation systems. It is well known that intracellular protein kinases are important in the regulation of various neuronal functions, but protein kinases which use extracellular ATP to phosphorylate proteins localized at the external surface of the plasma membrane (ecto-protein kinases) have not been demonstrated in neuronal cells. Here we present direct evidence for the existence of an ecto-protein kinase and demonstrate endogenous substrates for its activity at the surface of intact neural cells. The phosphorylation of one of these surface proteins is selectively stimulated during cell depolarization. In addition, neuronal cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) appear to be among the substrates of ecto-protein kinase activity. These results suggest a role for surface protein phosphorylation in regulating specific functions of developing and mature neurones.