致密砂岩气藏渗流机理研究现状及展望

致密砂岩气藏渗流机理是开发致密气的理论基础。通过对致密砂岩气藏渗流机理研究进展进行调研,总结了目前致密气渗流机理的研究现状。并对苏里格致密砂岩气田的岩样进行应力敏感性实验研究。结合目前低渗砂岩气藏的研究现状,提出了致密砂岩气藏渗流机理研究的展望。致密气的有效应力表达式、压裂气井的高速非达西渗流、含水致密气藏的启动压力梯度和水膜厚度对气藏开采的影响,致密气的储层物性分析是今后研究的方向。     

考虑启动压力梯度的致密气藏压裂井产能分析

本文通过室内实验和数值模拟方法,探讨致密砂岩气藏启动压裂梯度的现象及其对产能的影响,对影响产能的多参数进行敏感性分析和优化。实验测试表明,DLK致密砂岩气藏存在动压力梯度,储层渗透率增加,启动压力梯度减小,二者呈指数关系变化,并绘制形成了启动压力梯度和渗透率的关系图版。本文建立了考虑启动压力梯度的两相三维渗流数学模型,通过产量拟合计算表明,储层的渗透率、裂缝长度、生产压差是影响压后效果的关键因素,启动压力梯度虽然存在但是对产能的影响较小。     

渭北长3裂缝性致密储层渗流特征及产能研究

为了研究基质与天然裂缝系统的渗流特征及其对产能的影响,以渭北油田长₃典型裂缝性致密储层为研究对象,通过核磁共振和室内测试综合实验,测定了储层渗流启动压力梯度的大小,基质和裂缝岩芯孔隙结构随围压的变化规律,基质和裂缝岩芯孔隙度随有效应力的变化规律及应力敏感系数,建立并验证了考虑启动压力梯度、基质与裂缝应力敏感差异的多级压裂水平井产能模型,分析了启动压力梯度、基质和裂缝应力敏感性对产能的影响规律。结果表明,拟启动压力梯度随着岩芯流度的降低而不断增加;裂缝岩芯的孔隙度应力敏感及渗透率敏感性均强于基质岩芯;基质应力敏感性对产能的影响更显著。因此,渭北长₃裂缝性致密储层的有效开发,应该考虑降低基质应力敏感性和启动压力梯度的影响。     

考虑启动压力梯度的致密气藏压裂井产能分析

通过室内实验和数值模拟方法,探讨致密砂岩气藏启动压裂梯度的现象及其对产能的影响。对影响产能的多参数进行敏感性分析和优化。实验测试表明,DLK致密砂岩气藏存在动压力梯度,储层渗透率增加,启动压力梯度减小,二者呈指数关系变化,并绘制形成了启动压力梯度和渗透率的关系图版。建立了考虑启动压力梯度的两相三维渗流数学模型。通过产量拟合计算表明,储层的渗透率、裂缝长度、生产压差是影响压后效果的关键因素。启动压力梯度虽然存在但是对产能的影响较小。     

柴达木盆地英西地区E_3~2储层孔隙特征及宏观微观渗流特征

为探究不同孔隙结构类型对碳酸盐岩储层油水两相渗流特征的影响,以柴达木盆地英西地区E_3~2储层为例,通过对储层孔隙结构组合方式的分类,结合核磁共振T_2谱,开展了单相和油水两相启动压力梯度实验以及宏观微观油水两相渗流实验。结果表明:研究区储层可以分为裂缝型、溶孔型和基质孔隙型,裂缝和溶孔发育程度越高,大尺寸孔喉数量越多,样品物性越好。3类岩心油水两相渗流差异明显,裂缝和溶孔是主要的渗流空间,大尺寸孔喉连通性好,驱油效率高;基质孔隙型岩心的渗流能力与裂缝型和溶孔型岩心的渗流能力相差10～10~3倍,且大尺寸孔喉连通性差,驱油效率低。溶孔型和裂缝型的单相和油水两相启动压力梯度较低,变化幅度不大;而基质孔隙型的单相启动压力梯度最高,且油水两相启动压力上升明显,验证了基质孔隙型水驱油效果差、渗流能力弱的特点。     

考虑介质变形和启动压力梯度的低渗压裂气井产能分析

低渗储层孔吼狭窄,储层物性差,基本无自然产能,需压裂才能经济开发。存在启动压力梯度并且由于有效应力改变有介质变形现象;针对低渗气藏物性特征,基于稳定渗流理论,利用保角变换原理,推导出考虑启动压力梯度和应力敏感效应以及人工压裂缝的气藏垂直井产能计算模型;分析不同应力敏感系数和启动压力梯度以及人工裂缝长度对气井产能影响。该研究对低渗气藏垂直压裂井合理产能确定有一定指导意义。     

致密砂岩气藏渗流机理及开发技术

致密砂岩气藏具有相对复杂的渗流规律,明确其储层条件下的渗流机理有利于制订合理、有效的开发方案。通过总结国内外相关的研究成果,并有针对性地进行了补充实验研究,取得了致密砂岩气藏渗流机理的一些新认识:1实际生产过程中,由于受到孔喉半径较小、废弃地层压力较高的限制,无需考虑其滑脱效应和高速非达西渗流对渗流特征及开发效果的影响;2其阈压梯度和应力敏感程度随着储层渗透率的降低而增大,随着储层含水饱和度的升高而增大;3压力梯度可以显著的影响气水两相的渗流能力,随着压力梯度的增大,气相相对渗透率逐渐降低,水相相对渗透率逐渐升高。基于渗流机理的认识和美国致密砂岩气藏的开发情况,总结了有效的开发技术对策:大型水力压裂技术、井网加密技术、小井眼钻井及欠平衡钻井技术、控压开采技术。     

西湖凹陷某构造花港组致密砂岩储层的渗流特征

研究西湖凹陷某构造渐新统花港组致密砂岩储层的渗流特征,旨在为该气藏的高效开发提供指导性意见。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜资料,综合分析物性测试、压汞、核磁共振、水驱气等实验数据,研究西湖凹陷某构造花港组致密砂岩储层的孔隙结构、气水渗流特征及其影响因素。该区致密砂岩储层孔隙类型以粒间溶孔为主,孔喉半径细小,且孔喉分选性差,排驱压力高;致密砂岩储层束缚水饱和度高,两相渗流区窄,气相相对渗透率较低,且见水后急剧下降,残余气饱和度较高,最终采收率低,且无水期采收率占最终采收率的比例很大,应充分重视储层见水前的天然气开采。储层渗流特征受物性、孔隙结构、原始含水饱和度以及润湿性等多种因素的影响,其中孔隙结构影响最大。     

体积压裂裂缝分布扩展规律及压裂效果分析—以鄂尔多斯盆地苏53区块为例

体积压裂技术为致密砂岩气藏大规模经济有效开发提供了新的途径。为了分析裂缝在体积改造中的分布和扩展规律,基于鄂尔多斯盆地苏53区块储层特征和渗流-应力耦合理论,采用RFPA-flow软件建立了储集层砂岩体的流固耦合模型,模拟分析了引导裂纹、天然裂缝、围压对体积压裂中裂缝扩展的影响。然后通过对比区块内体积压裂井、普通压裂井和未压裂井的实施效果,体现出体积压裂在致密砂岩气藏开发中的明显优势。     

体积压裂致密油藏注水吞吐产能影响因素

致密油藏储层致密,地层压力系数一般较低,开发非常困难,而注水吞吐对补充油层压力和实现稳产具有明显优势.针对体积压裂致密油藏,采用嵌入式离散裂缝模型描述复杂体积压裂缝网,建立考虑应力敏感和启动压力梯度的致密油藏油水两相渗流模型,并采用有限体积法建立相应的数值求解方法.通过数值模拟方法模拟了12个吞吐轮次下单个压裂段致密油藏的开采过程,分析了基质和裂缝性质对致密油藏注水吞吐开发产能的影响.研究结果表明:当基质渗透率、微裂缝渗透率和微裂缝密度升高时,基质中含水饱和度波及范围变大,累积采油量显著升高;水力裂缝渗透率升高对基质含水饱和度分布影响不大,但累积采油量明显上升,而当水力裂缝上升到一定程度时,累积采油量上升幅度变小.可见基质和裂缝性质对致密油藏注水吞吐开发效果均有显著的影响.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to