株行距配置对杨树生长及光合特性的影响

以山东省重点推广的L35、I-107、W-141、中菏1号4个杨树无性系为材料,对密度(417株/hm2)相近的3种不同株行距配置方式(株距×行距:3 m×8 m、4 m×6 m、5 m×5 m)杨树的生长及光合特性进行了研究。研究结果表明:不同配置的杨树树高和冠幅差异不显著,5 m×5 m配置杨树的胸径、胸高形数、单株材积要明显大于其他两种配置,3 m×8 m配置杨树的最小;5 m×5 m配置各断面的离心率要小于其他配置,3 m×8 m配置杨树最大。株行距差值越小,杨树的光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用率越大。在种植密度相近的情况下,正方形株行距种植更有助于杨树充分利用空间。     

不同密度和植株配置形状的杨树人工林细根生物量特征研究

【目的】研究不同栽植密度与植株配置形状下杨树人工林细根生物量在生长季中的动态变化,了解人工林地下生理生态过程(尤其是根系效应)的响应规律,为合理调控杨树人工林栽植密度并提高人工林地上部分生产力提供参考。【方法】选取栽植年份为10 a的杨树人工林作为试验林分,设置两种密度(低密度株行距:6 m×6 m和4.5 m×8 m。高密度株行距:5 m×5 m和3 m ×8 m)和两种栽植形状(正方形配置株行距:6 m×6 m和5 m×5 m。长方形配置株行距:4.5 m×8 m和3 m×8 m)共4个处理,每种密度和配置设置3个重复,共计12块样地。在每块样地中随机选取2株树,利用完整土块法在距树干60 cm处进行根系取样。分析比较细根[直径(d)≤2 mm]总生物量、不同直径等级(每0.5 mm为1个直径等级)细根生物量和生长季不同月份(5、7、9、11月)的细根生物量在不同密度和植株配置形状处理下的差异。【结果】①林分密度对细根总生物量的影响并不显著,但对生长季中前期(5、7月)细根生物量和小直径细根(d≤1 mm)生物量具有显著影响,生长季前期的小直径细根生物量均表现为高密度林分高于低密度林分;林分密度对细根生物量的影响效应在两种植株配置方式下具有相似的规律。②植株的配置形状对细根生物量具有显著的影响,但因不同生长阶段和林分密度而有所差异。总体上,正方形配置(5 m×5 m和6 m×6 m)的林分细根生物量要高于长方形配置(3 m×8 m和4.5 m×8 m)的细根生物量(除9、11月的低密度林分),尤其是在5月和7月的细根生物量和小直径细根生物量;③在不同植株配置形状中,正方形配置(5 m×5 m和6 m×6 m)的林分均匀度较高,细根生物量在株间与行间方向上并无显著差异;而长方形配置(3 m×8 m和4.5 m×8 m)的林分在株间与行间方向上细根生物量存在显著差异,且两种长方形配置的林分细根生物量在株行距方向上有截然相反的变化,4.5 m×8 m的林分行间方向的细根生物量比株间方向的高,而3 m×8 m林分的行间方向上的细根生物量比株间方向的低。【结论】林分密度和植株配置形状在整个生长季对细根总生物量没有显著影响;林分密度和植株配置形状都对小直径细根生物量存在显著影响,主要表现在生长季细根快速生长的5—7月;正方形配置方式更有利于杨树细根的生长,细根能充分占据利用土体空间,而长方形配置在一定程度上会造成根系挤压或竞争,同时造成土地浪费。     

同仁地区青杨速生丰产林几种常用造林密度对生长的影响

在同仁县隆务河两岸选用四种不同株行距密度 ,开展青杨林适宜栽培密度与其生长关系的研究。结果表明 :青杨在生长过程中 ,平均冠幅随栽培密度的增大而递减 ;胸径生长与冠幅大小呈正比 ;林分的高生长随着栽培密度的增大而增高。在该地区 ,青杨植林密度以 2m× 4m和 4m× 6m的株行距较适宜。     

2株重寄生木霉菌丝生长的生物学特性

对2株茶藨生柱锈菌(Cronartium ribicola J.C.Fischer)重寄生木霉(Trichoderma spp.)TR1、TR2菌株菌丝生长及产孢条件进行单因素筛选及正交实验。结果表明：TR1菌丝生长速度快,且极易产生分生孢子;TR2菌丝生长速度相对较慢,产孢受一定条件限制。光照和VB2能明显刺激TR2分生孢子的产生。2株菌在以大麦粉、黄豆粉、KH2PO4、复合VB为培养基,5%接种量、120r／min、pH为 6的条件下菌丝生长最佳。TR1和TR2菌丝生长的最适温度范围及水势分别为25～30℃、-232MPa和20～25℃、-454MPa.     

茶园间套栽培灵芝的生产方法

本文介绍了茶园间套栽培灵芝的生产方法。茶树与灵芝要合理搭配,以1∶1的比例间套种植,以0.8 m×0.4 m的株行距计有茶树2 100株/667 m2,在茶树下间套栽培灵芝可天然遮阴保湿,遮光率达55~70%。茶园间套栽培灵芝属于多投入、多输出、多时空变化、生物性生产的人工复合系统技术领域。充分利用茶园土地资源,不仅能使茶农获得茶与灵芝双重经济收入,而且具有明显的生态效益;茶枝为灵芝主要栽培料,节约木材资源;出过芝的灵芝菌包作为茶树生长的天然有机肥,有利于茶树生长。     

土壤杆菌固氮、溶磷活性及对植物的促生作用

通过选择性培养基,定性和定量检测了26株土壤杆菌的固氮和溶磷活性,通过盆栽检测了澳洲生防菌株K1026对黄瓜和小麦的促生长作用。结果显示,包括致病性和无致病性的26株土壤杆菌均可在无氮培养基上正常生长;其中19株具有溶磷活性,K1026对磷酸钙液体培养基的溶磷量为109.11μg/m L;对黄瓜幼苗根系生长具有显著促进作用,但对小麦生长没有明显影响。     

温度对羊草生长及无性系分化的影响

根据温室内的人为控制温度试验，观测温度对羊草无性系分化和生长的影响，得出如下结论：温度是影响羊草株高的最主要生态因子，适宜的高温显著促进羊草的伸展；温度也是促进羊草分蘖的主要因子之一；羊草的生物量积累受到温度变化极值的限制，适宜的温度范围显著促进生物量积累。羊草无性系的分化和高温的天数明显正相关，无性系对高温有较强的生态适应性，甚至在高温已经抑制羊草生物量的积累的情况下，仍然对无性系的生长和分化有     

杉木、檫树不同混交方式效果分析

营造杉、檫混交林的关键技术是两树种的株数配置和株行距设置，试验结果表明：以杉木为主的混交林，若采用星状混交，每亩檫树20株以下为好，若采用行间混交，每亩檫树30株左右为宜，可一行檫二行杉（横行状），或一行檫三行杉（竖行状）为宜；杉、檫混交林株行距设置，应以有利于促进全林生长，平衡增产为原则，若是行间混交，行距2．3—2．5m为宜，株距：杉木1．5—1．7m，最多不超过2m，檫树2．7m左右，最多不超过3m，不管何种混交方式，杉木相距檫树的株行距都应适当放宽。     

不同播种组合无芒雀麦产量构成因子的数量特征分析

采用系统聚类分析、相关分析和模糊综合评价方法对不同行距与播种量组合处理的无芒雀麦种子产量构成因子的数量特征进行了研究.系统聚类分析结果表明：在欧氏距离等于1.5时可将12个播种组合分为2类,第一类为窄行距类,播种组合有A30、B30、C30、B50和C50;第二类为宽行距类,播种组合有A70、B70、C70m、A90、B90、C90和A50.类内种子产量构成因子的数量特征相似,类间差异显著.行距对单位面积生殖枝数、营养枝数、小穗数/花序、秸秆重量、经济系数等的影响较明显,而对穗长、种子数/花序的影响不明显.模糊综合评价结果表明,窄行距类各组合综合效果值（≥0.0927）大于宽行距类（≤0.0852）,其中A30和B30组合产量构成因子的综合效果最优.     

即食型调味裙带菜的保脆工艺研究

研究了低温漂烫法与复合保脆剂联合处理对即食型调味裙带菜品质的影响,以建立即食型调味裙带菜适宜的保脆工艺. 正交试验结果表明,即食型调味裙带菜的较佳保脆工艺为：m（海藻酸钠）∶m (CaCl2) =1∶1,保脆剂质量浓度为3g·L-1,低温漂烫温度为50℃,低温漂烫时间为25min.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…