利用溶剂DMF处理聚合物太阳能电池的PEDOT:PSS阳极缓冲层提高能量转换效率

通过有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)处理P3HT:PCBM聚合物太阳能电池的PEDOT:PSS阳极缓冲层,能量转换效率得到了很大程度提高.DMF处理PEDOT:PSS阳极缓冲层主要有以下两种方式:①DMF 1∶4(v/v)混合原始的PEDOT:PSS溶液;②直接旋涂DMF在PEDOT:PSS阳极缓冲层上.其中后者的效果最为显著,器件结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al的电池通过直接旋涂DMF(3 000rpm)处理PEDOT:PSS阳极缓冲层后,电池效率由3.16%提高到4.27%,提高幅度为35%.为了探究电池能量转换效率提高的机理,我们测试表征了电池在光照和暗态下的I-V特性曲线及外量子效率(IPCE)光谱,PEDOT:PSS薄膜的透光性、导电性及表面形貌,光活性层P3HT:PCBM的紫外可见光吸收及表面形貌.一系列结果表明PEDOT:PSS薄膜的导电性增强及表面形貌变化有利于空穴的抽取和收集,P3HT:PCBM薄膜的表面形貌变化有利于活性层光吸收的增强和电子的收集.     

基于喷涂工艺的反向聚合物太阳电池的制备

本文采用喷涂工艺制备了结构为Glass or PET/ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/VOX/Ag的刚性或柔性反向聚合物太阳电池,其效率可与正向电池相媲美。首先将TIPD喷涂在ITO基底上作为电子传输层,然后依次喷涂P3HT:PCBM溶液和氧化钒前驱体溶液(VO)X,最后蒸镀150 nm的银作为阳极。结果表明:在一定厚度范围内,器件效率对厚度不敏感,易于大面积工艺制备;VOX层可以显著提高器件效率,然而过厚将会导致器件短路电流急剧下降。通过优化喷涂参数和热退火处理,获得了1.7%的器件效率。     

基于喷涂工艺的反向聚合物太阳电池的制备

本文采用喷涂工艺制备了结构为Glass or PET/ITO/ZnO/P3HT∶PCBM/VOX/Ag的刚性或柔性反向聚合物太阳电池,其效率可与正向电池相媲美.首先将TIPD喷涂在ITO基底上作为电子传输层,然后依次喷涂P3HT∶PCBM溶液和氧化钒前驱体溶液(VOx),最后蒸镀150 nm的银作为阳极.结果表明:在一定厚度范围内,器件效率对厚度不敏感,易于大面积工艺制备;VOx层可以显著提高器件效率,然而过厚将会导致器件短路电流急剧下降.通过优化喷涂参数和热退火处理,获得了1.7％的器件效率.     

图案化聚合物电极及其在有机太阳能电池中应用

为了提高聚合物载流子迁移率,本文对图案化聚合物聚3,4-乙撑噻吩/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT∶PSS)作为半导体聚合物的基底对载流子迁移率的影响进行研究.以聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为模板,利用基于毛细力原理的软压印技术,使硬度系数很高的聚合物PEDOT∶PSS形成图案化结构.此压印方法可形成大面积高保真的图案,且适合工业化生产.阐述了图案化PEDOT∶PSS可增加与活性层的接触面积,从而缩短聚合物载流子的迁移路径,有效地提高了聚合物载流子的迁移率.同时图案化结构散射入射光进入活性层,促进活性层光的吸收,从而提高了光电流.最后,本文将图案化PEDOT∶PSS作为电极应用到有机太阳能电池聚3-已基噻吩与富勒烯衍生物(P3HT∶PCBM)共混体系中,对其研究发现图案化后的PEDOT∶PSS能有效地提高了太阳能电池P3HT∶PCBM共混体系的能量转换效率.     

双重优化对基于P3HT:PCBM有机太阳能电池效率的提高

有效提高太阳能电池对光的吸收效率是提高太阳能电池能量转换效率的重要因素.在以poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)为电子给体材料,[6,6]-phenyl C60-butyric acid methyl eater(PCBM)为电子受体材料的有机太阳能电池中,Poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)与活性层之间插入不同厚度的P3HT层,并在P3HT层最佳厚度的基础上,进一步在活性层中掺杂不同比例的Ag纳米粒子,双重优化了电池器件.当插入45 nm的P3HT层及掺杂质量比为5%的Ag纳米粒子时活性层薄膜的形貌及内部结构得到了改善,电池对光的吸收,及外量子效率得到了显著地提高,并出现红移现象.在25°C,光强为100 mW/cm2的条件下测量其短路电流密度JSC为11.21 mA/cm2,能量转化效率PCE为3.79%.     

退火处理对体异质结有机太阳能电池性能的影响

制备了结构为:ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT+PCBM/LiF/Al的有机太阳能电池,研究退火对电池性能的影响,实验发现:经过60 min 150℃退火处理后,器件开路电压(Vo)c为0.57 V,短路电流密度(Js)c达到6.32 mA.cm-2,填充因子(FF)达到0.55,光电转换效率(ηp)达到2.01%,器件性能明显提高。探讨了退火对电池性能影响的内在原因。     

活性层薄膜结构对有机光伏器件性能的影响

用P3HT作为电子给体,PCBM作为电子受体,制备了分层(单异质结)和共混(体异质结)2种不同结构的太阳电池,对其光电特性进行了表征,分析比较了不同结构对器件性能影响的物理机制.结果表明:所制备器件的开路电压分别为0.521 V和0.581 V,能量转换效率分别为0.67%、1.98%,体异质结结构可有效地改善太阳电池的输出特性.     

基于杂原子三角烯和咔唑星形树枝状化合物的光限幅和光伏特性研究

采用z-扫描测试技术研究两代树枝状化合物(G1和G2)的光限幅特性.结果表明,G1的光限幅效应比G2好,是一种有应用前景的光限幅材料.用真空沉积和溶液旋转涂膜的方法,制备了结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/G1/PCBM/LiF/Al和ITO/PEDOT:PSS/G2:PCBM(1%)/LiF/Al的有机异质结光伏器件.在100 mW/cm2光强照射下,G1和G2具有相近的光伏性质,相应的能量转化效率为0.012%.     

绕丹宁修饰富勒烯作为新型聚合物太阳能电池受体光伏材料增强光吸收(英文)

首次将染料分子3-乙基绕丹宁连接到[6,6]-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)上,合成了具有增强光吸收性能的新型富勒烯受体光伏材料PCBRh.通过1 H NMR,13 C NMR和质谱分析确定了PCBRh的结构,紫外-可见吸收光谱测试表明所合成的PCBRh在300~600nm比起PCBM具有更强的光吸收,这归因于3-乙基绕丹宁高的吸光系数.电化学测试表明PCBRh的最低未占轨道(LUMO)能级比PCBM高0.1eV,这是由绕丹宁基团的给电子作用引起的.将PCBRh作为受体光伏材料与聚己基噻吩(P3HT)共混构建出体相异质结太阳能电池,在优化的制备工艺(P3HT/PCBRh=1:1(质量比),135℃热处理10min)下,电池器件的能量转换效率为1.46%.通过AFM表征研究退火处理对光活性层的形貌的影响及其与电池器件效率的联系:与参比P3HT:PCBM共混薄膜相比,退火处理使P3HT:PCBRh薄膜中的P3HT聚集成长度约为20nm的长条,并且粗糙度较大,因此不利于激子的扩散与分离.     

器件结构对聚合物太阳能电池内部光电强分布的影响

针对以电子给体聚(3-己基噻吩)(P3HT)和电子受体6,6-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)共混薄膜为活性层的本体异质结聚合物太阳能电池,根据光学干涉效应和转移矩阵方法建立了非相干光吸收理论模型,研究了电极修饰层、活性层和阴极的厚度对电池内部光电场分布和活性层内部光电场强度的影响.结果表明:各功能层厚度对电池内部光电场分布和活性层光电场强度具有不同程度的影响,其中活性层和电极修饰层厚度的影响较大,而阴极厚度的影响较小;引入合适厚度的电极修饰层有利于增加活性层内部的光电场强度,提高太阳能电池的能量转换效率,改善器件的光伏性能.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.