实验室制备乙酸乙酯的改进

对现有教学实验中乙酸乙酯教学实验进行改进，用强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂作为催化刑催化合成乙酸乙酯．最佳工艺条件为：树脂催化刑用量5g，硫酸lmL，反应温度80℃～90℃，反应时间15min，乙酸：乙醇（1：1．5）；实验全部用时1～2小时。平均产率接近70％，非常适合用于有机化学教学实验中的乙酸乙酯的合成．     

强酸性阳离子树脂催化合成乙酸乙酯研究

以D072强酸性阳离子树脂为催化剂, 乙酸和乙醇为原料,在常压下合成乙酸乙酯.该文研究了树脂种类、树脂用量、酸醇比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对酯化反应过程的影响.在不分离产物的情况下,合成乙酸乙酯的反应条件为:醇与酸摩尔比为1∶1, 反应时间100 min,催化剂用量6 g, 沸腾状态下反应,乙酸的单程转化率可达65.53%,催化剂可重复使用.     

UV涂料用聚氨酯丙烯酸酯弹性预聚体

以甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、SAN树脂、丙烯酸羟乙酯等原料合成聚氨酯丙烯酸酯预聚物,研究了反应温度、反应时间及催化剂浓度对树脂合成的影响.得出合成该预聚物的适宜条件:第1步反应温度为25~35℃,反应时间为2.5 h;第2步反应温度控制在75~80℃,反应时间为3 h,催化剂质量分数为0.4%.同时通过调节活性稀释剂三缩丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、1,6己二醇二丙烯酸酯的不同配比制备紫外光固化涂料,测试涂膜光泽、硬度、柔韧性、耐冲击强度、附着力等各项性能,找出涂膜具有良好弹性及柔韧性且符合光固化膜性能要求的涂料配方.     

催化醇酸脱水合成乙酸乙酯的研究进展

乙酸乙酯是一种具有广泛用途的有机化合物,合成乙酸乙酯催化剂的研究对于乙酸乙酯的生产具有重大影响.评述了苯磺酸、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、分子筛、固体超强酸、离子液体、硫酸盐、路易斯酸和杂多酸及其盐等催化剂催化醇酸脱水制备乙酸乙酯的方法,并指出固体超强酸、杂多酸及其盐和离子液体是醇酸脱水制备乙酸乙酯的优良催化剂.     

磺化石油焦催化合成乙酸乙酯

以石油焦为原料,浓硫酸为磺化剂,通过磺化反应制得了磺化石油焦新型酸催化剂.在乙酸乙酯的合成反应中考察了该催化剂的催化活性.结果表明：在优化条件下（反应温度90 ℃,反应时间2.5 h,催化剂0.5 g,乙酸0.15 mol,醇酸摩尔比1.5∶1,环己烷10 mL）,酯化率可达96.2%.与K2641强酸性阳离子交换树脂相比,磺化石油焦酸催化剂表现出较高的催化活性,循环使用5次后,催化剂活性基本保持不变.     

药用耐盐性卡波姆树脂的合成工艺研究

目的:探索药用耐盐性卡波姆树脂工艺优化的最佳条件。方法:以正环己烷与乙酸乙酯作为混合溶剂合成药用耐盐性卡波姆树脂,对合成温度、单体配比、引发剂用量、交联剂用量进行单因素试验,通过最优的单因素条件进行正交试验,得到耐盐性卡波姆树脂合成的优化工艺。结果:耐盐性卡波姆树脂的最佳合成工艺为:丙烯酸单体(CAA)∶正环己烷∶乙酸乙酯∶增稠剂(SAB)∶引发剂B1(偶氮二异丁腈)∶交联剂B2(烯丙基季戊四醇醚)为1∶4.875∶1.625∶0.05∶0.005∶0.01,聚合反应8 h,反应温度65℃,反应浆料离心15 min, 85℃干燥10 h,过筛得到白色、细腻、轻质的粉末卡波姆树脂产品。     

紫外光固化环氧大豆油树脂的合成和表征

研究了可作为紫外光固化涂料和油墨等产品的基体树脂的改性环氧大豆油树脂的合成及表征.利用环氧大豆油的环氧环的化学活性,先后与丙烯酸和马来酸酐进行反应,分别合成了油溶性环氧大豆油丙烯酸酯(AESO)和水溶性的马来酸改性环氧大豆油树脂(MAESO).并用红外和核磁对两种产物的结构进行了表征.添加紫外光引发剂后,两种产物在紫外光照射下均可快速固化.合成AESO最佳条件为环氧大豆油:丙烯酸=1.2:1(摩尔比),催化剂三苯基膦的用量为总质量的1%,反应温度为120℃;合成MAESO最佳条件为AESO:马来酸酐=4:1(摩尔比),催化剂钛酸正丁酯用量为1%,反应温度90℃.     

固体酸催化合成二氯乙酸乙酯

介绍一种二氯乙酸乙酯的合成方法.以二氯乙酸为起始原料,研究了催化剂对二氯乙酸与乙醇脱水醚化反应的催化性能,同时讨论了不同带水剂苯、甲苯、环己烷及其用量对反应的影响,得到以FeCl3·6H2O为催化剂,环己烷为带水剂,乙醇既作反应原料又为溶剂,制备二氯乙酸乙酯,最佳反应条件:二氯乙酸12.9 g,无水乙醇20 mL,环己烷15 mL,催化剂用量0.5 g,反应温度:回流,反应时间40 min.反应产物蒸馏收集153~156℃的馏分得到无色液体二氯乙酸乙酯,纯度大于98%,蒸干溶剂后,进行催化剂重复使用试验,其结果为:重复反应4次,累计反应时间为240 min,二氯乙酸乙酯产率分别为85.4%,77.1%,83.4%,78.3%.     

微波加热条件下氯化锌催化合成乙酸乙酯

以冰醋酸和无水乙醇为原料,氯化锌为催化剂,采用微波加热法合成乙酸乙酯.探讨了酸醇比、催化剂用量、微波功率和辐射时间对合成乙酸乙酯产率的影响.得出最佳的反应条件为酸醇摩尔比2∶1、催化剂质量百分数1.5%、辐射时间6 min和微波功率400 W,合成乙酸乙酯的产率为78.36%.     

乙酸苄酯合成新工艺研究

用强酸性阳离子交换树脂负载Fe3 制备的催化剂用于合成乙酸苄酯,研究了在不分离产物的条件下,醇酸比,催化剂用量,反应温度等因素对乙酸转化率的影响.当催化剂用量为15%(以乙酸加入的质量计),酸醇摩尔比为1∶1,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为2.5小时,乙酸转化率为69.30%.经负载Fe3 的树脂在选择的反应条件下催化合成乙酸苄酯,其催化活性比原树脂的催化活性提高了16.66%.催化剂经8次重复使用,其催化性能未见明显降低.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with