LDO催化大豆油制备生物柴油的研究

为解决生物柴油酯交换过程中的产物与催化剂分离问题,制备了镁铝复合氧化物(LDO),以镁铝复合氧化物为催化剂催化大豆油和甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油,通过正交试验考察反应温度、醇油物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对制备过程的影响,优化制备工艺.研究表明:镁铝复合氧化物可以用于以大豆油甲醇为原料酯交换反应制备生物柴油工...     

氢氧化钡催化蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油

以蓖麻油为原料,用氢氧化钡作为非均相碱催化剂,酯交换反应制备生物柴油.比较了氢氧化钡与其他典型催化剂催化的产率,研究了反应醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量和反应时间对生物柴油收率的影响.结果表明,蓖麻油在以氢氧化钡为催化剂的酯交换反应中适宜条件为:醇油摩尔比为6∶1,蓖麻油与催化剂摩尔比为10∶1,反应时间20min,在此条件下生物柴油收率达98.35%.     

响应面法优化菜籽油毛油酯交换制备生物柴油生产工艺条件的实验研究

利用响应面法研究了菜籽油毛油酯交换法制备生物柴油的优化工艺条件.酯交换实验以菜籽油毛油和过量甲醇为原料,NaOH为催化剂,主要对反应温度、醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量等三个因素进行了参数分析,找到了对酯交换反应影响最大的条件因素,并确定了最佳的工艺条件为:反应温度60°C、醇油摩尔比7.9:1、催化剂用量1.9 wt%.此时生物柴油的产率可达99%.     

大豆油酯交换法制备生物柴油

采用大豆油在催化剂氢氧化钠作用下与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油.研究了醇油摩尔比、催化荆质量分数、反应时间、反应温度等对反应产率的影响.采用红外光谱表征产品.实验结果表明,当醇油摩尔比5.9:1,反应时间2 h,催化荆用量为原料油质量的0.99%,反应温度65℃时,生物柴油的收率最高,为87%.     

大豆油酯交换制备生物柴油的研究

利用K2CO3和Al2O3制备固体碱催化剂,将它用于大豆油和甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油.通过实验考察醇油摩尔比,催化剂用量,反应温度和反应时间4个工艺条件对生物柴油产率的影响,最后确定最佳的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比9:1,催化剂用量2%,温度60℃,反应时间4h,在此条件下得到的生物柴油产率为72.3%.     

负载型固体碱催化制备生物柴油的研究

以负载型固体碱(KF/Al2O3、KNO3/Al2O3和K2CO3/Al2O3)作催化剂,菜籽油与甲醇通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油,系统地研究了催化剂制备条件及酯交换条件对产物收率的影响.结果表明:以上3种催化剂都可以较好地催化酯交换反应,其中负载KF催化剂的催化效果更好一些.当催化剂焙烧温度为873 K、负载物和载体的质量比为0.15~0.20时制备的催化剂活性最强,用此催化剂催化酯交换反应,当醇油摩尔比为12∶1~10∶1、催化剂用量为2%~3%、时间为60 min、温度为333~338 K时,生物柴油收率可达85%~87%.     

针状氧化锌催化花生油超声波法制备生物柴油的研究

考察了4种不同催化剂对生物柴油产率的影响,发现自制的针状氧化锌对生物柴油的催化效果最佳.对针状氧化锌固体碱催化剂在超声波条件下,用于花生油和甲醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油进行了研究,考察了超声波频率、醇油摩尔配比、催化剂用量等条件对反应的影响,试验结果表明该反应的最佳条件为:超声波频率30kHz,醇油摩尔配比为7∶1,催化剂用量为花生油质量的1.0%,此条件下生物柴油产率达93%.对所得生物柴油的主要性能指标进行考察,发现其主要性能指标符合德国现阶段的生物柴油标准.重复使用结果表明,针状氧化锌的催化活性比氧化镁、氧化钙及三氧化二铝的催化活性高,寿命更长,重复使用后催化效果无明显下降.     

固体酸催化小桐子油制备生物柴油

采用新型固体酸SO4^2-/TiO2-Al2O3替代传统的液体酸、碱催化剂,催化较高酸值小桐子油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了搅拌速度、固体酸催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和助溶剂等因素对产物中甲酯含量的影响.研究结果表明,固体酸催化剂对小桐子油酯交换反应具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,产物与催化剂易于分离.在反应温度为130℃、醇油摩尔比为15∶1、固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的4%、搅拌速度为480 r/min和助溶剂正己烷与小桐子油质量比为1∶4的条件下,反应4 h产物中小桐子油甲酯含量达到97.6%,反应10次甲酯含量维持在90%左右.制备得到的生物柴油质量达到国家柴油机燃料调合用生物柴油（BD100）标准.     

活性炭负载固体碱催化制备生物柴油研究

大豆油在以活性炭为载体的负载型固体碱催化剂(KOH/C,K2CO3/C,KNO3/C)的作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、时间等因素对产物收率的影响.结果表明:以上3种催化剂都可以催化酯交换反应,其中KOH\C的催化效果最好.当催化剂的质量为大豆油的2％、醇油摩尔比为10:1、...     

固体碱MgO/ZrO2催化大豆油制备生物柴油

采用共沉淀法制备固体碱催化剂MgO/ZrO2,并以此催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察MgO含量和催化剂焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,以及优化酯交换反应的工艺条件,结果表明:在MgO质量分数为15%、焙烧温度700℃、反应时间3 h、反应温度60℃,醇油物质的量比12∶1和催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3%的条件下,生物柴油的产率可以达到82%以上。该催化剂对酯交换反应具有较高的催化活性和较好的稳定性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.