硬脆性泥页岩渗流-应力耦合井壁坍塌压力计算方法

硬脆性泥页岩的井壁坍塌是制约我国油气资源战略向深部地层成功转移的重要技术瓶颈。建立了裂缝渗流-应力耦合作用下孔隙压力的计算模型,选用弱面破坏准则,综合考虑各向异性、裂缝产状、井眼轨迹、地应力、渗流应力的影响建立了硬脆性泥页岩井壁坍塌压力的计算方法,分析了裂缝渗流、井眼轨迹和裂缝产状对坍塌压力的影响规律。研究发现,钻井液沿裂缝渗流导致坍塌压力升高,渗流初期坍塌压力升高较快,随时间推移,升高量逐渐逐渐减小;在高倾角裂缝中沿裂缝倾向钻进水平井坍塌压力较低。改善钻井液的封堵性、流变性和润湿性,减缓钻井液沿裂缝面的渗流,避免在坍塌压力较高的区域钻井,是该类地层安全钻井的关键。     

钻井液类型对井壁稳定的影响实例与防塌机理分析

针对东海油气田N区块钻井过程中易发生井壁坍塌的问题,通过梳理分析N5区块及周边构造三口探井地质条件、地层特性、测井数据,基于地质力学与岩石力学基本原理计算了井壁坍塌压力;并对使用水基钻井液和油基钻井液的钻井工况进行对比。研究发现在钻井液密度高于坍塌压力的情况下,使用密度相对较低的油基钻井液即能够保持井壁稳定,无阻卡等复杂问题。使用水基钻井液钻井,则部分泥页岩井段井径扩大,起下钻明显阻卡,处理复杂问题耗时较长。分析主要原因,在于油基钻井液能够降低泥页岩水化程度,减缓钻井液向微裂隙中的渗流,抑制微裂隙扩展,提高钻井液对井壁的有效支撑作用。因此,在东海油气田复杂泥页岩地层钻井中,使用油基钻井液能够更好地保持井壁稳定,避免或减少钻井复杂问题。     

页岩气水平井井壁稳定影响因素与技术对策

国内绝大多数页岩气水平井在页岩层段钻井过程都发生过坍塌,严重影响了钻井周期及后续压裂施工。由于页岩气井水平段一般较长,普遍在1000m以上,而且页岩地层层理发育,产状多变,岩石性质硬脆,水敏性矿物含量高,很容易发生井漏坍塌等问题。本文通过分析认为影响页岩气水平井井壁失稳的因素主要包括页岩的综合特性,地质力学因素,钻井液的综合性质及其他工程因素。解决页岩气水平井井壁失稳的首要途径是认识层理页岩的特殊力学特性,重点研究不同钻井液体系对其力学特性的影响程度及影响规律（也是钻井液优选的重要依据之一）;再次需要对地应力场进行综合研究;最后通过采用合理的井壁稳定力学模型获得控制井壁失稳的钻井液密度范围,配合使用快速高效钻具,才能最大程度确保井壁稳定。     

东营组硬脆性泥页岩井壁稳定性研究

硬脆性泥页岩地层的钻井过程中,井壁垮塌现象频发,严重影响了油气田的高效开发。为减少该类地层井壁失稳问题,本文通过室内试验对硬脆性泥页岩理化特性进行分析,并定量分析钻井液作用对泥页岩影响程度。基于室内试验结果,利用线弹性理论和单一弱面准则,建立了考虑弱面结构、温场作用、水化特性的井壁稳定模型。利用该模型对井壁稳定性影响因素进行分析,结果显示：弱面结构的存在使得坍塌压力明显升高。弱面产状变化,造成坍塌压力分布复杂,不再存在单调变化的井斜方位;随温差增大,造成地层坍塌压力上升,但上升幅度相对较小;钻井液作用会显著缩减安全钻井方位范围,提高井壁垮塌风险。现场实例分析结果表明：利用提出的井壁稳定模型可以准确地预测坍塌压力分布,从而指导现场钻井作业。     

冀东油田东营组硬脆性泥页岩井壁稳定性分析

硬脆性泥页岩地层的钻井过程中,井壁垮塌现象频发,严重影响了油气田的高效开发。为减少该类地层井壁失稳问题,通过室内试验对硬脆性泥页岩理化特性进行分析,并定量分析钻井液作用对泥页岩的影响程度。基于室内试验结果,利用线弹性理论和单一弱面准则,建立了考虑弱面结构、温场作用、水化特性的井壁稳定模型。利用该模型对井壁稳定性影响因素进行分析,结果显示:弱面结构的存在使得坍塌压力明显升高。弱面产状变化,造成坍塌压力分布复杂,不再存在单调变化的井斜方位;随温差增大,造成地层坍塌压力上升,但上升幅度相对较小;钻井液作用会显著缩减安全钻井方位范围,提高井壁垮塌风险。现场实例分析结果表明:利用提出的井壁稳定模型可以准确地预测坍塌压力分布,从而指导现场钻井作业。     

泥页岩井壁坍塌周期分析

应用力学/化学耦合理论对泥页岩井壁延迟坍塌机理进行了分析.以多孔介质渗流力学为基础,建立了近井壁地层孔隙压力的计算模型,计算了不同时期的临界坍塌压力,分析了钻井液物性参数对井壁稳定性的影响,得到了近井壁地层孔隙压力及强度参数在时空域内的分布,以及一定钻井液密度下泥页岩井壁坍塌破坏的时间.算例分析表明,在同一膜效率下,随着钻井液水活度增加,坍塌周期缩短;在同一钻井液水活度下,提高膜效率可以延长坍塌周期;钻井液水活度越小,膜效率的影响越显著.现场选择钻井液时,同时考虑水活度和膜效率并根据井壁坍塌压力改变钻井液密度,效果才会更好.     

渤海油田渤中区域中深部泥页岩地层井壁稳定性

渤中区域资源潜力巨大,是目前渤海油田勘探开发的重点区块.前期探井钻井过程中中深部东营组、沙河街组泥岩地层井壁坍塌失稳现象频发,出现蹩压、阻卡等复杂事故.为揭示渤中区域中深部泥页岩井壁失稳机理,指导开发井钻井设计,对取自渤中区域东营组泥岩岩心开展了电镜扫描、矿物组分测试、泥浆浸泡以及岩石力学等系列实验,定量刻画了该地层的理化特性、岩石力学特性以及钻井液对力学性质的影响规律.实验结果表明,该区块中深部泥页岩处于由水化膨胀性泥页岩向硬脆性泥页岩转化的过程,既具有硬脆性泥页岩层理、裂隙发育的特征,又仍表现出一定的水化膨胀和分散特征.在实验结果的基础上,利用线弹性理论和单一弱面准则,建立了考虑弱面结构和水化作用的井壁稳定模型,对渤中区域定向开发井坍塌压力及其随井斜角和井斜方位角的变化规律进行了分析,揭示了钻井液作用对坍塌压力的影响.研究结果对于渤中区域开发井安全钻井具有一定的指导意义.     

泥页岩井壁坍塌周期分析

应用力学／化学耦合理论对泥页岩井壁延迟坍塌机理进行了分析。以多孔介质渗流力学为基础，建立了近井壁地层孔隙压力的计算模型，计算了不同时期的临界坍塌压力，分析了钻井液物性参数对井壁稳定性的影响，得到了近井壁地层孔隙压力及强度参数在时空域内的分布，以及一定钻井液密度下泥页岩井壁坍塌破坏的时间。算例分析表明，在同一膜效率下，随着钻井液水活度增加，坍塌周期缩短；在同一钻井液水活度下，提高膜效率可以延长坍塌周期；钻井液水活度越小，膜效率的影响越显著。现场选择钻井液时，同时考虑水活度和膜效率并根据井壁坍塌压力改变钻井液密度，效果才会更好。     

渤中区块破碎性地层井壁失稳机理及对策

渤中区块东下段及以下地层泥页岩破碎性发育,已钻井井壁坍塌严重。通过综合分析破碎区地层特性,地质力学特征,以及钻井液性能的适应性,明确了渤中区块破碎性地层的井壁失稳机理,并提出了定制化的技术对策。研究结果表明,该区块泥岩地层为硬泥页岩,微裂缝发育,孔缝宽度为2～6μm,具有弱水化性质。东下段及以下泥页岩地层属于中等偏低强度地层,在聚胺PEM钻井液中浸泡7 d后,岩石强度下降40.82%。同时,上覆岩层压力和水平最大地应力之间差值较小,水平最小地应力值较低。井壁失稳机理主要为地层受走滑断层伴生正断层控制,钻井坍塌压力相对较高,地层微裂缝发育,钻井液封堵性不能满足微裂缝封堵要求,同时,破碎区泥页岩存在安全稳定周期。建议使用密度为1.40 g/cm³的聚胺PEM钻井液,在破碎区中钻井安全周期超过10 d,并添加3%的TEX封堵剂增强钻井液封堵性能。研究结果能够有效指导渤中区块开发井的安全钻井。     

锦州25-1油田井壁稳定问题

 锦州25-1油田沙河街组地层井壁失稳严重,为解决该油田的井壁失稳问题,对该油田的泥页岩矿物组分进行了分析,开展了泥页岩的力学及水化特性实验,分析了锦州25-1油田沙河街组泥页岩的岩石力学特性和井壁失稳机制.研究发现,沙河街组地层层理性泥页岩和水敏性泥页岩共同发育;层理性泥页岩具有显著的各向异性,易发生沿层理面的剪切滑移,造成井壁失稳;水敏性泥页岩在钻井液作用下会发生水化膨胀,导致井周地层的力学性质和应力状态发生变化,表现为坍塌压力随井眼钻开时间的改变而改变;两种地层相互影响造成油田复杂事故频发.结合室内实验结果,建立了合理钻井液密度的确定方法,研究了锦州25-1油田层理性泥页岩坍塌压力随井眼轨迹的分布规律和水敏性泥页岩的水化坍塌周期,给出了保证安全钻进的工程对策,该油田的井壁失稳问题必须在优化井眼轨迹和选择合理钻井液密度基础上,并增强钻井液的封堵性和抑制性才能解决.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to