含水合物地层井壁力学状态的弹塑性解析分析

含水合物地层钻井引发井壁周边温度和渗流压力变化,可能导致水合物分解,对井壁安全产生不利影响。基于Mohrp-Coulomb准则、理想弹塑性模型以及非关联流动法则,针对含水合物地层中井壁力学分析, 建立了稳态轴对称平面应变模型,考虑水合物分解对地层温度、渗流和力学特性的影响,得到了欠压和过压钻井条件下井周应力及位移的解析解答,与相同假定下有限元模型、复杂数值模型的结果吻合较好。结果表明一定范围内水合物分解范围的增大会引起塑性区显著扩展。水合物分解引起的弹性模量劣化在欠压条件下将引起塑性区范围减小,在过压条件下则引起塑性区范围增大。     

流-固-化耦合条件下硬脆性泥页岩井壁渐进破坏效应探讨

通过对硬脆性泥页岩理化性能、微观结构和力学特性等室内试验和现场测试结果的分析,探讨泥页岩井眼失稳机制,在综合考虑泥页岩吸水扩散、压力传递、强度弱化以及固体变形之间相互耦合效应的基础上,建立泥页岩井壁稳定渗流-应力-化学耦合数学模型,并且根据修正的Drucker-Prager破坏准则,以ABAQUS软件为求解器,编制计算程序,然后应用提出的耦合数学模型模拟了硬脆性泥页岩地层中井眼破坏的动态演化过程。研究结果表明:不同钻井液当量密度下井眼扩大率随着钻井液当量密度的增大而减小,适当的提高钻井液当量密度,有利于井壁保持稳定。若不考虑泥页岩水化效应,井眼钻开后便趋于稳定,渗流场的变化并不足以引起井眼继续破坏,而考虑泥页岩水化效应后,井眼扩大率随钻井液浸泡时间的增大而增大,水化效应对井眼扩大率的影响远大于渗流场,计算出的井眼渐进破坏过程与实际钻井情况基本一致。     

硬脆性泥页岩渗流-应力耦合井壁坍塌压力计算方法

硬脆性泥页岩的井壁坍塌是制约我国油气资源战略向深部地层成功转移的重要技术瓶颈。建立了裂缝渗流-应力耦合作用下孔隙压力的计算模型,选用弱面破坏准则,综合考虑各向异性、裂缝产状、井眼轨迹、地应力、渗流应力的影响建立了硬脆性泥页岩井壁坍塌压力的计算方法,分析了裂缝渗流、井眼轨迹和裂缝产状对坍塌压力的影响规律。研究发现,钻井液沿裂缝渗流导致坍塌压力升高,渗流初期坍塌压力升高较快,随时间推移,升高量逐渐逐渐减小;在高倾角裂缝中沿裂缝倾向钻进水平井坍塌压力较低。改善钻井液的封堵性、流变性和润湿性,减缓钻井液沿裂缝面的渗流,避免在坍塌压力较高的区域钻井,是该类地层安全钻井的关键。     

奥陶系地层压力剖面预测新方法研究

利用欠平衡钻井能及时发现并保护油气藏,其关键是要准确预测地层压力剖面。根据井壁失稳力学机理,分析地应力、地层孔隙压力、拖拽力和温度对井壁应力分布影响,建立欠平衡钻井的井壁力学模型;利用Boit理论及室内实验,建立奥陶系地层孔隙压力模型。研究结果表明:有效应力与体积弹性模量呈指数关系;拖拽力和温度对井壁应力分布的影响不可忽略。对奥陶系地层进行压力预测,经现场验证,该预测结果对现场施工具有很好的指导意义。     

海域天然气水合物水平井钻井温度场预测

利用水平井开发海域天然气水合物具有产量高、产气快、经济效益好的特点,但井筒温度变化容易引起储层水合物分解,诱发井壁失稳坍塌等事故。因此基于井筒传热学理论和钻井工程参数,研究了海域天然气水合物水平井钻井过程中井筒热量传递过程,考虑钻柱与井壁、套管直接的摩擦生热效应,建立了海域天然气水合物水平井钻井过程的井筒温度剖面计算模型,分析了钻柱摩阻、循环时间、钻井液排量、入口温度、水平段长度等参数对对井筒温度场的影响规律。结果显示,钻柱的摩阻生热不可忽略;钻井液循环一定时间后,井筒温度剖面趋于稳定;钻井液排量对于井筒温度场的影响较大;钻井液的入口温度对于裸眼段的温度剖面影响较小,主要影响海水段的温度剖面;水平段裸眼段越长,裸眼段的温度越高;在海域天然气水合物地层钻水平井时,井周地层中的水合物不会分解。该研究成果可为我国海域天然气水合物水平井钻井设计提供借鉴。     

流体流动和岩石变形耦合对井壁稳定性的影响

无论是过平衡钻井,还是欠平衡钻井过程,都可能导致井周围地层孔压力改变,这样就使我们通过假定地层孔隙压力恒定而得到的井周应力分布和地层的安全钻井液密度范围与实际偏离。滤饼质量直接影响到井周围流体流动的情况和井壁附近地层的孔隙压力。定量地计算分析了滤饼质量和流体流动对井周地层径向应力、周向应力、轴向应力和剪应力的影响,结果表明,一方面,随着滤饼质量的提高,井筒内流体在正压差下向地层中流动的能力和程度逐渐减小,井壁地层孔隙压力逐渐趋于原始地层孔隙压力,井壁岩石所受到的径向应力逐渐增大,井壁的稳定性逐渐变好;另一方面,地层颗粒间的接触应力逐渐增大,岩石抵抗张性破裂的能力增强,地层的破裂压力提高,井壁稳定性变好。滤饼质量好坏对低渗透地层的影响尤其显著。     

钻井液密度对裂缝性泥页岩地层坍塌压力影响的力化耦合研究

 缝性地层井壁失稳是钻井工程中经常遇到工程难题之一,裂缝发育地层常伴随严重的井壁坍塌,具有水化性质的裂缝性地层在钻井液侵入后更易发生坍塌。扫描电镜观察某油田泥页岩发育的层理实际为尺寸极小的微裂缝,使用XRD 衍射仪测定了该泥页岩黏土矿物质量分数为30%~40%,泥页岩水化性质较强。通过剪切实验测定了泥页岩吸水后的抗剪强度,求解了不同含水量裂缝面的黏聚力及内摩擦角。建立了钻井液滤液向地层内的渗流方程及裂缝性地层坍塌压力方程,计算了不同钻井液密度和浸泡时间的坍塌压力。计算结果表明,高钻井液密度导致钻井液滤液向裂缝内加速渗流,裂缝面强度降低导致地层更加容易坍塌。裂缝性地层井壁失稳不宜提高钻井液密度稳定井壁,应采用措施提高钻井液封堵性及抑制性,降低钻井液滤液侵入量。     

井壁稳定性技术研究及其在呼图壁地区的应用

为了能充分利用测井等资料较精确地计算井壁受力状态和井壁坍塌压力 ,以设计合理钻井液密度窗 ,保证钻井过程中井壁稳定性 .通过对井壁失稳现象、机理及井壁应力状态的分析和计算 ,对井壁失稳问题进行了较为深入的研究 ;结合测井资料和地层破裂试验结果 ,分析并建立了一套计算地层坍塌压力及地层相关物理力学特征参数的方法和模型 .通过应用克拉玛依油田呼 2井的测井资料进行分析计算并与实际结果进行对比 ,结果表明 :地层坍塌压力和安全钻井液密度窗的计算结果吻合现场实际情况 .所提出的方法和计算结果 ,将为呼图壁气田开发过程中安全快速钻井技术提供可靠的技术基础     

石油钻井中影响井壁稳定性因素分析

井壁失稳问题是石油钻井过程中普遍存在并一直困扰石油工业界的一个重大问题,对影响井壁失稳因素进行了分析,得出如下结论:1)石油钻井过程中若水平应力比值不变,随地应力增大钻井安全泥浆窗口增大;若地应力非均匀性增大,安全钻井泥浆窗口则减小;2)渗透作用的结果降低了井壁的稳定性;3)孔隙压力增大,安全泥浆窗口变小;4)岩性由白云岩—灰岩—砂岩—泥岩,坍塌压力上升破裂压力减小;5)岩石有损伤时井壁易发生井漏,安全泥浆窗口小钻进难度增大.     

三向应力状态下层理性泥页岩地层井壁稳定性研究

层理性泥页岩地层钻进过程中,极易发生井壁失稳问题,严重影响了钻井作业效率,增加了勘探开发的成本。探索了层理性泥页岩地层的井壁失稳机理,开展了考虑钻井液作用下层理性泥页岩地层在真实三向应力状态下的井壁稳定性预测模型研究。研究表明:忽略中间主应力的影响不能准确预测层理性泥页岩地层坍塌的风险;钻井液滤液沿层理面的渗流会降低层理面的黏聚力和内摩擦角;并随时间的变化显现出快速降低和平缓降低两个阶段;改进的层理性泥页岩地层井壁稳定性分析模型能够真实反映地应力状态和井壁岩石的力学特性,现场应用表明其能够比较准确的预测层理性泥页岩地层的井壁稳定性。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.