污泥及其与煤混合物的热解特性和灰熔融特性

采用热重分析法对造纸污泥、市政污泥及其与煤的混合物的热解特性进行了系统研究.揭示了污泥、煤及其两者混合物热解特性的异同,研究了升温速率、掺混比等因素对混合试样热解特性的影响,提出了挥发分综合释放特性指数.研究表明:造纸污泥的挥发分析出特性与烟煤相当,而市政污泥的挥发分析出特性远优于造纸污泥和烟煤;在污泥与煤混合物的热解过程中,2种组分之间的相互作用可以忽略不计.随着升温速率的增加,污泥与煤混合物的挥发分初析温度提高,挥发分最高析出速率和平均析出速率升高.但升温速率对挥发分析出总量没有明显影响.测定了煤灰和污泥灰在不同混合比例下的熔融特征温度,测试结果表明,随着污泥灰比例的增大,混合试样的灰熔点逐渐下降,但由于存在低温共熔现象,不按线性规律变化.     

煤和蓝藻的共热解特性研究

采用热重分析法,对神府煤和蓝藻单独热解及共热解(蓝藻掺混比,即蓝藻与干基混合物的质量比为5%,10%,20%,40%和80%)特性进行了研究。研究表明:蓝藻挥发分析出的极值温度比煤低,而且热解速率比煤快。蓝藻组成复杂、挥发分含量高且含有的不稳定键多,所以在较低温度下就会被破坏,从而以较高的速率挥发出去。当蓝藻与神府煤共热解时,低温下蓝藻的挥发分析出后,暴露出来的灰分覆盖在煤的表面,灰分中具有催化作用的碱和碱土金属会加快煤的热解反应,使煤的挥发分提前析出。当蓝藻的掺混比为40%和80%时,协同作用较明显,热解焦的产率比理论值低。     

非平衡等离子体与煤热解反应机理

通过对非平衡等离子体及发生在内部过程的理论分析，讨论了煤在非平衡等离子体内热解制乙炔的机理，提出了这种复杂的多相反应不象一般的非平衡等离子体反应主要由活性粒子参与，而是通过等离子体中粒子的平动能将煤粒加热，使煤的挥发释放，挥发分进一步与等离子体中的活性粒子发生作用，最后裂解形成乙炔。活性粒子直接与煤粒作用难以发生煤的直接裂解。     

磁驱动非平衡电弧等离子体转化甲烷制乙炔的研究

利用滑移电弧放电能在同一放电周期中提供平衡和非平衡等离子体条件,给出相对高能电子和提高选择性化学转化的激发性电子、原子和分子,并提供较高的功率的特点,在非平衡滑移电弧放电反应器中进行了甲烷转化制乙炔的实验研究.实验在不同反应能量密度和外加磁场强度条件下进行,对实验结果进行分析后认为天然气中甲烷的转化率、产物中乙炔的收率和选择性以及生产乙炔的能耗都随能量密度的增加而增加;在增强外加磁场强度的实验条件下,可以有效地提高甲烷反应的转化率以及乙炔的选择性和收率,同时降低乙炔的生产能耗.     

淖毛湖煤热解过程中碱金属的迁移转化特性

基于Na,K盐含量控制对新疆低变质煤热解炼制油气品质的重要作用,通过建立固定床热解实验台,考察了淖毛湖煤在还原性气氛下热解温度对碱金属的迁移转化特性的影响。研究结果表明,淖毛湖原煤中Na主要以水溶态形式存在,K主要以不溶态形式存在。随着热解温度的升高,半焦收率呈先快速降低后缓慢降低的趋势,焦油收率呈先升高后降低的趋势。当热解温度低于600℃时,随着热解温度的升高,水溶Na向不溶Na转变;但当热解温度高于600℃时,不溶Na开始向水溶Na转化。在低温条件下,煤中的不溶K大量释放,酸溶K含量呈上升趋势;当温度高于600℃时,不溶K含量的下降速率减慢,水溶K含量增加。此外,热解释放的Na,K主要存在于焦油中,气体中含量相对较少。     

两种褐煤快速脱挥发分行为

用电加热金属丝网装置在氮气气氛下进行快速热解实验,考察了温度、加热速率、压力、加热时间和煤样粒度对霍林河和义马褐煤脱挥发分的影响。结果观察到,挥发分析出率(V)随着温度的增高而增加,两种煤样的极限产率均超过了工业分析挥发分产半。加热速率对最终挥发分析出率(FV)的影响不仅因煤种而异,而且与终温有关,对于霍林河煤加热速率没有影响;对于义马煤,在600℃下,加热速半亦无影响,而在800℃下,FV随加热速率的提高呈现上升趋势。煤样粒度的影响类似于加热速率。没有观察到压力对FV的明显影响。     

煤的热解研究：II.煤化程度对氢气氛下热解的影响

对我国１８种具有代表性的不同煤化程度的煤（Φ３ｍｍ）,在氢气氛、０．１ＭＰａ和９００℃条件下进行了热解实验研究。考察了煤化程度对热解转化率和热解产物产率的影响;煤中挥发分与甲烷产率的关系;煤中氧含量与ＣＯ、ＣＯ２产率的关系以及煤种对热解气热值的影响,得到了描述热解气产率与煤中挥发分的关系式。     

煤的热解研究 Ⅱ.煤化程度对氢气氛下热解的影响

对我国１８种具有代表性的不同煤化程度的煤（Φ３ｍｍ）,在氢气氛、０．１ＭＰａ和９００℃条件下进行了热解实验研究。考察了煤化程度对热解转化率和热解产物产率的影响;煤中挥发分与甲烷产率的关系;煤中氧含量与ＣＯ、ＣＯ２产率的关系以及煤种对热解气热值的影响,得到了描述热解气产率与煤中挥发分的关系式。     

移动床中褐煤直接热解特性

为了获得高含水率褐煤在移动床内不经预处理直接热解的可行性及其热解行为,建立管式炉移动床褐煤直接热解实验装置;考察含水率、热解温度和粒径等参数对褐煤热解损失质量、产物产率以及产气特性的影响。研究结果表明:褐煤在热解过程中蒸发出的原位水蒸气参与半焦的气化以及挥发分的重整反应;随着含水率的增加,褐煤的原位水蒸气气化反应加强,碳转化率逐渐提高,H_2产率由277.13 m L/g增大至527.77 m L/g;提高热解温度使气体产率逐渐增大,液体和固体产率逐渐降低,碳转化率由38.19%增大至52.74%;增大粒径使煤中水分和挥发分在颗粒内部的停留时间延长,在一定程度上强化半焦的气化反应以及挥发分的重整反应;此外,增大粒径使挥发分在褐煤颗粒孔隙中的传质阻力增大,二次反应加强,褐煤直接热解的最佳粒径为1.6~3.2 mm。     

几种褐煤的超临界萃取研究

用超临界萃取方法对褐煤进行萃取研究，在半连续实验装置上进行了８种中国褐 煤样萃取试验．用甲苯作溶剂非等温萃取，萃取压力为１０ＭＰａ．试验结果表明，萃 取转化率和萃取物产率与煤样挥发分呈线性关系，转化率介于３０％－５４５；萃取物 产率介于１９％一３２％．加入１０％四氢萘于甲苯溶剂中．转化率由３８％增至６２％， 萃取物产率由２０％增至４０％，对过程进行了动力学处理，动力学参数与煤的Ｈ／Ｃ 原子比有线性关系。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.