牛磺酸对豚鼠心室肌细胞膜ATP敏感性钾电流的影响

应用100％纯氮饱和灌流液建立低氧模型和膜片钳全细胞记录技术，研究牛磺酸对单个豚鼠心室肌细胞膜上ATP敏感性钾电流IKATP的影响。结果表明：牛磺酸具有抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞膜上ATP敏感钾通道KATP开放的作用。从而推测出低氧心肌细胞内牛磺酸的耗竭，可能是促使KATP通道开放的机制之一。     

豚鼠高钾血症及其治疗机制的初探

目的研究豚鼠高钾血症,对比传统治疗和刺激迷走神经治疗的作用下心肌和肝脏钠-钾ATP酶的活性变化,探讨高钾血症的机制,为本科生开设相关实验奠定基础。方法通过腹腔分次注射KCl方法制作高钾血症模型;采用BL-420F生物信号采集分析系统记录心电信号;用Na/K/Cl分析仪测定离子浓度;使用试剂盒测定钠-钾ATP酶活性。结果腹腔分次注射KCl后心电图出现了P波压低、T波高耸、QRS波增宽、PR间期延长及QT间期缩短;各种治疗方法使心电图得到不同程度的恢复;血清离子分析显示模型组血清K^＋明显高于对照组,治疗组血清K^＋明显低于模型组,以葡萄糖胰岛素组最为显著,但各治疗组仍高于对照组,Na^＋、Cl^-变化不显著。酶学测定显示心肌和肝脏钠-钾ATP酶活力有所升高。结论急性高钾血症治疗中以葡萄糖/胰岛素效果最佳,刺激迷走神经可降低血钾浓度;酶学结果提示治疗急性高钾血症的基础是促进钾离子进入细胞内。     

钾通道阻断剂对胶质瘤细胞迁移和侵袭的影响

为了检测电压门控钾通道阻断剂4-氨基吡啶(4-AP)、四乙胺(TEA)和ATP敏感钾通道阻断剂格列苯脲(Glibenclamide,Gli)对胶质瘤细胞迁移和侵袭的影响,选用人胶质瘤细胞系U87和U251,其中钾通道阻断剂4-AP、TEA及Gli处理作为实验组,未处理的作为对照组.采用划痕实验和Transwell小室法检测钾通道阻断剂对U87和U251细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响; Western blot检测药物处理后细胞高迁移率蛋白B1(high mobility group protein B1,HMGB1)表达水平.结果表明:5 mmol·L^-1的4-AP、40 mmol·L^-1的TEA及400 μmol·L^-1的Gli可以显著抑制胶质瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭,并降低HMGB1表达水平.电压门控钾通道和ATP敏感钾通道对胶质瘤细胞迁移和侵袭具有重要调控作用,3种钾通道阻断剂对胶质瘤细胞迁移和侵袭有不同程度的抑制作用,可能通过调控HMGB1相关通路实现.     

氯苄基四氢小檗碱对大鼠肥厚心肌中KATP通道表达的影响

观察心梗诱导的大鼠肥厚心肌中三磷酸腺苷(ATP)敏感性钾离子通道(KATP)的表达,并探讨其影响因素.将雄性大鼠随机分为5 组,分别是假手术组,手术组,普萘洛尔组,氯苄基四氢小檗碱组及内皮素受体拮抗剂组.手术组及药物组的大鼠结扎冠脉左前降支,术后饲养10 d,药物组于术后第6天开始给药,共给药5 d,由反转录-多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法确定KATP 通道的mRNA表达.实验结果表明,心梗诱导的大鼠肥大心肌中的KATP 通道的mRNA 表达明显上调,经药物干预后有不同程度的降低.心梗诱导的大鼠肥厚心肌中的KATP 通道的mRNA 的表达上调,其表达上调除与β受体有关外,Ca2 离子可能参与对KATP 通道表达的影响.     

低血钾患者应用超声雾化吸入补钾的疗效观察

该课题通过对30例低钾血症患者分别应用超声雾化吸入补钾和静脉滴注补钾，比较了二者的补钾效果、血钾在体内的作用高峰、对呼吸肌的作用。通过对血钾的监测，证实雾化吸入补钾能有效提高血钾浓度，是一种效果确切、给药方便的补钾新途径。由于雾化吸入后钾离子首先进入呼吸肌和心脏循环，     

钾原子和类钾离子基态波函数和能量的解析计算

以第一性原理和变分原理为基础,给出了钾原子(含类钾离子)基态波函数的一种解析表达式,计算了基态钾原子(含类钾离子)的能量,导出了所涉及的所有积分的解析表达式,对钾原子而言,所得到的能量理论值与实验值的相对误差为0.203%.     

KcsA钾离子通道导通钾离子的能力受水分子影响的分子模拟研究

钾离子通道可以选择性的导通钾离子,使其快速通过细胞膜.但是钾离子通过该通道时仍需要克服一定的能量壁垒.钾离子进入及溢出通道的难易程度可以用分子动力学模拟的方法来研究.钾离子通道对离子的高选择性及其快速导通钾离子的能力来源于其独特的离子选择性滤嘴结构.该结构决定了钾离子必须逐一通过.当一个钾离子进入滤嘴结构时,另一钾离子会随后进入.通常认为每两个钾离子中间会间隔一个水分子.那么水分子的存在和其在通道中的不同排列是否会影响钾离子通道对钾离子的导通能力?为解释这一问题,本文选取KcsA钾离子通道作为研究模型,用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了钾离子通过该通道时的难易程度与滤嘴结构内水分子排列的相关性.研究发现滤嘴结构内水分子的存在会影响其相邻钾离子的流动速度.由于水分子占据了钾离子在滤嘴内的结合位点,在一定程度上使得钾离子不易流向该位点,但同时水分子的存在又可以推动与其相邻的钾离子向前运动.因此水分子的作用具有双重性.     

钾对水仙生物碱形成的影响

应用完全培养液(F.H.Withan等1971)其中缺钾、含正常量钾及含二倍正常量钾的水培中国水仙,钾离子浓度对水仙鳞茎中伪石蒜碱(Pseudo Lycorine)及石蒜碱(Lycorine)含量有显著的影响,营养液中钾离子的多少直接影响鳞茎灰分中的钾离子量及氨基酸含量。特别是该生物碱的前体氨基酸——酷氨酸及苯丙氨酸的含量,从而影响生物碱的形成,正常钾含量的营养液培养的水仙鳞茎中伪石蒜碱含量最高,鳞茎内钾离子含量符合正常情况,说明伪石蒜碱是水仙正常生长的代谢产物。栽培含生物碱的药用植物应重视钾肥的应用。     

肥胖大鼠低氧训练中羟自由基与胰岛素抵抗相关性研究

为明确不同模式的低氧训练对肥胖大鼠自由基代谢的影响，探讨低氧训练过程中自由基代谢与胰岛素敏感性的关系，构建肥胖大鼠模型，进行4周的低氧训练干预，定期称量，实验末称量并统计其体脂，测定血清胰岛素、血糖、羟自由基和过氧化氢酶水平，统计各实验组胰岛素抵抗指数。实验结果表明，低氧暴露有利于机体胰岛素敏感性的提高，抗氧化酶的活性的降低可能与机体胰岛素敏感性有一定关系。     

TRAAK离子通道第4次跨膜结构对其机械敏感性的作用

TRAAK通道(KCNK4)是双孔钾通道的成员,在哺乳动物神经系统中表达,其产生的钾电流是能改变神经元兴奋性的背景电流的重要组成部分.TRAAK通道是机械力和温度门控的通道,并且受到电压、胞内pH以及脂质的调节,然而它们的机制在很大程度上仍然是未知的.为了研究TRAAK通道的机械力门控机制,本研究将TRAAK通道的第4次跨膜结构域(the fourth transmembrane domain,M4)和非机械敏感性离子通道TWIK-1之间的同源区域进行替换,构建了3个嵌合突变体,通过全细胞和细胞贴附式记录,发现当TRAAK通道M4的上半部分被TWIK-1的同源序列替换之后,显著降低了通道半激活压力值(P_(50)),极大增强了TRAAK通道的机械敏感性,表明M4的上半部分对TRAAK通道机械敏感性具有重要的调控作用,为研究TRAAK通道的机械力门控机制提供了基础.     

KATP channels as molecular sensors of cellular metabolism

In responding to cytoplasmic nucleotide levels, ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel activity provides a unique link between cellular energetics and electrical excitability. Over the past ten years, a steady drumbeat of crystallographic and electrophysiological studies has led to detailed structural and kinetic models that define the molecular basis of channel activity. In parallel, the uncovering of disease-causing mutations of K(ATP) has led to an explanation of the molecular basis of disease and, in turn, to a better understanding of the structural basis of channel function.     

Arterial dilations in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide involve activation of K+ channels

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino-acid peptide produced by alternative processing of messenger RNA from the calcitonin gene. CGRP is one of the most potent vasodilators known. It occurs in and is released from perivascular nerves and has been detected in the blood stream, suggesting that it is important in the control of blood flow. The mechanism by which it dilates arteries is not known. Here, we report that arterial dilations in response to CGRP are partially reversed by blockers of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)), glibenclamide and barium. We also show that CGRP hyperpolarizes arterial smooth muscle and that blockers of K(ATP) channels reverse this hyperpolarization. Finally, we show that CGRP opens single K+ channels in patches on single smooth muscle cells from the same arteries. We propose that activation of K(ATP) channels underlies a substantial part of the relaxation produced by CGRP.     

Effect of La^3＋ on myocardiac potassium channels revealed by patch-clamp technique

The effect of La^3 on potassium channels in rat ventricular myocytes was investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording mode. The Ca^2 -independent voltage-activated outward K~ current was activated by the depolar-izing pulse in enzymatically isolated rat ventricular myocytes. After addition of different concentrations La^3 to the bath solution, the outward K^ current was depressed gradually. The inhibition effect was in a concentration-dependent manner. The phenomena of the outward K^ current, being themain repolarizing current suppressed by La^3 , suggest that the effect of lanthanides on myocardial function should be exploited further.     

KcsA一种新型的K离子通道

Declan A Doyle et al于1998年利用X射线结晶分析在Streptomyces lividans(变铅青链霉菌)中发现的KcsA(K^ conduction and selectivity architecture)是一种新型的K^ 通道。它由四个亚基组成，每个亚基含有两个α—螺旋，在KcsA的中央有一个选择性滤膜，对K^ 具有特殊的通透性。本文仅对KcsA的结构及其对K^ 选择性介导的作用机制进行综述。     

Detection of K+ and Cl-channels from calf cardiac sarcolemma in planar lipid bilayer membranes

The ionic currents underlying the cardiac action potential are believed to be much more complex than those in nerve. During the cardiac action potential, various membrane channels control the flow of K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Cl- across the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells. Thus, it has become increasingly clear that a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms that activate (or inactivate) heart channels is required to understand cardiac excitability. We report here the use of planar lipid bilayer techniques to detect and characterize K+ and Cl- channels in purified heart sarcolemma membrane vesicles. We have identified four different types of channel on the basis of their selectivity, conductance and gating kinetics. We present in some detail the properties of a K+ channel and a Cl- channel. We have tentatively identified the K+ channel with the ix type of current found in Purkinje, myocardial ventricular and atrial fibres. The chloride channel might be related to the transient chloride current found in Purkinje fibres.     

Hypothalamic K(ATP) channels control hepatic glucose production

Obesity is the driving force behind the worldwide increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycaemia is a hallmark of diabetes and is largely due to increased hepatic gluconeogenesis. The medial hypothalamus is a major integrator of nutritional and hormonal signals, which play pivotal roles not only in the regulation of energy balance but also in the modulation of liver glucose output. Bidirectional changes in hypothalamic insulin signalling therefore result in parallel changes in both energy balance and glucose metabolism. Here we show that activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels in the mediobasal hypothalamus is sufficient to lower blood glucose levels through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Finally, the infusion of a K(ATP) blocker within the mediobasal hypothalamus, or the surgical resection of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve, negates the effects of central insulin and halves the effects of systemic insulin on hepatic glucose production. Consistent with these results, mice lacking the SUR1 subunit of the K(ATP) channel are resistant to the inhibitory action of insulin on gluconeogenesis. These findings suggest that activation of hypothalamic K(ATP) channels normally restrains hepatic gluconeogenesis, and that any alteration within this central nervous system/liver circuit can contribute to diabetic hyperglycaemia.     

Intracellular ATP directly blocks K+ channels in pancreatic B-cells

It is known that glucose-induced depolarization of pancreatic B-cells is due to reduced membrane K+-permeability and is coupled to an increase in the rate of glycolysis, but there has been no direct evidence linking specific metabolic processes or products to the closing of membrane K+ channels. During patch-clamp studies of proton inhibition of Ca2+-activated K+ channels [GK(Ca)] in B-cells, we identified a second K+-selective channel which is rapidly and reversibly inhibited by ATP applied to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. This channel is spontaneously active in excised patches and frequently coexists with GK(Ca) channels yet is insensitive to membrane potential and to intracellular free Ca2+ and pH. Blocking of the channel is ATP-specific and appears not to require metabolism of the ATP. This ATP-sensitive K+ channel [GK(ATP)] may be a link between metabolism and membrane K+-permeability in pancreatic B-cells.     

Endfeet of retinal glial cells have higher densities of ion channels that mediate K+ buffering

A major function of glial cells in the central nervous system is to buffer the extracellular potassium concentration, [K+]o. A local rise in [K+]o causes potassium ions to enter glial cells, which have membranes that are highly permeable to K+; potassium then leaves the glial cells at other locations where [K+]o has not risen. We report here the first study of the individual ion channels mediating potassium buffering by glial cells. The patch-clamp technique was employed to record single channel currents in Müller cells, the radial glia of the vertebrate retina. Those cells have 94% of their potassium conductance in an endfoot apposed to the vitreous humour, causing K+ released from active retinal neurones to be buffered preferentially to the vitreous. Recordings from patches of endfoot and cell body membrane show that a single type of inward-rectifying K+ channel mediates potassium buffering at both cell locations. The non-uniform density of K+ conductance is due to a non-uniform distribution of one type of K+ channel, rather than to the cell expressing high conductance channels at the endfoot and low conductance channels elsewhere on the cell.     

Permeation study of the potassium channel from streptomyces Lividans

A three-state hopping model is established according to experiments to study permeation of an open-state potassium channel from Streptomyces Lividans (KcsA potassium channel). The master equations are used to characterize the dynamics of the system. In this model, ion conduction involves transitions of three states, with one three-ion state and two two-ion states in the selectivity filter respectively. In equilibrium, the well-known Nernst equation is deduced. It is further shown that the current follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics in steady state. According to the parameters provided by Nelson, the current-voltage relationship is proved to be ohmic and the current-concentration relationship is also obtained reasonably. Additional validation of the model in the characteristic time to reach the steady state for the potassium channel is also discussed. This model lays a possible physical basis for the permeation of ion channel, and opens an avenue for further research.