Study on mechanisms of different sulfuric acid leaching technologies of chromite

The extraction of chromate from chromite via the sulfuric acid leaching process has strong potential for practical use because it is a simple and environmentally friendly process. This paper aims to study the sulfuric acid leaching process using chromite as a raw material via either microwave irradiation or in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The results show that the main phases in Pakistan chromite are ferrichromspinel, chrompicotite, hortonolite, and silicate embedded around the spinel phases. Compared with the process with an oxidizing agent, the process involving microwaves has a higher leaching efficiency. When the mass fraction of sulfuric acid was 80% and the leaching time was 20 min, the efficiency could exceed 85%. In addition, the mechanisms of these two technologies fundamentally differ. When the leaching was processed in the presence of an oxidizing agent, the silicate was leached first and then expanded. By contrast, in the case of leaching under microwave irradiation, the chromite was dissolved layer by layer and numerous cracks appeared at the particle surface because of thermal shock. In addition, the silicate phase shrunk instead of expanding.     

Using Agents in Web-Based Constructivist Collaborative Learning System

Web-based learning systems are one of the most interesting topics in the area of the application of computers to education. Collaborative learning, as an important principle in constructivist learning theory, is an important instruction mode for open and distance learning systems. Through collaborative learning, students can greatly improve their creativity, exploration capability, and social cooperation. This paper used an agent-based coordination mechanism to respond to the requirements of an efficient and motivating learning process. This coordination mechanism is based on a Web-based constructivist collaborative learning system, in which students can learn in groups and interact with each other by several kinds of communication modes to achieve their learning objectives efficiently and actively. In this learning system, artificial agents represent an active part in the collaborative learning process; they can partially replace human instructors during the multi-mode interaction of the students.     

A micro-sphere catalyst complex with nano CaCO3 precursor for hydrogen production used in ReSER process

This paper describes the preparation and evaluation of a micro-sphere catalytic complex for the hydrogen production in a Reactive Sorption Enhanced Reforming (ReSER) process. The catalytic complex made by a spray technique has a dual function containing Ni as a catalytic material and CaO as an adsorption material used in the ReSER process. The attrition characteristics of the catalytic complex are acceptable for the commercial used. The nano CaCO3 material used as a precursor of CaO showed a desirable durability with a CO2 sorption capacity of 0.6 mol CO2/kg after 10 repeating cycles under the carbonation temperature of 600 ℃, a CO2 partial pressure of 0.02 MPa, and a calcination temperature of 750 ℃ in N2 measured by a thermal gravimetric analyzer. The testing of the catalytic complex for ReSER showed a hydrogen yield of over 95 % (v/v) in the laboratory fixed fluidized bed reactor. The catalytic system has an attractive prospect in the ReSER process for hydrogen production, especially in the fluidized mode where reactor and regenerator combined in a cycling process.     

The time course of visual categorization： Electrophysiological evidence from ERP

Categorization is the process to ascertain the identity of an object by a specific standard[1,2]. Categorization isa fundamental cognitive process; in fact, the raw per- ception would be of little use without the effective clas- sification of original inf…     

Cultivating technical capabilities of enterprises is an important task of the Sutong Bridge project

The paper analyzes existing state of innovation system in the field of public infrastructure construction in China and elaborates on the duty and role of owner in establishment of a technical innovation system with enterprise as the main body following the process of production-education-research. This paper also claims that the key project construction is an important resource to enhance national capability of innovation and accordingly puts forward an effective approach to cultivate the core competitiveness of leading enterprises on the basis of practice in the Sutong Bridge project.     

Combinatorial model of solute transport in porous media

Modeling of solute transport is a key issue in the area of soil physics and hydrogeology. The most common approach (the convection-dispersion equation) considers an average convection flow rate and Fickian-like dispersion. Here,we propose a solute transport model in porous media of continuously expanding scale, according to the combinatorics principle. The model supposed actual porous media as a combinative body of many basic segments. First, we studied the solute transport process in each basic segment body, and then deduced the distribution of pore velocity in each basic segment body by difference approximation, finally assembled the solute transport process of each basic segment body into one of the combinative body. The simulation result coincided with the solute transport process observed in test. The model provides useful insight into the solute transport process of the non-Fickian dispersion in continuously expanding scale.     

Rapid reductive degradation of azo dyes by a unique structure of amorphous alloys

An Fe-based amorphous alloy was found to significantly enhance the reductive degradation of an azo dye in aqueous solution. The surface-area normalized rate constant was up to 2.0 L m-2 min-1 at room temperature,an order of magnitude larger than any previously reported value. The activation energy of the degradation process was calculated according to the Arrhenius equation,and a much lower value than those previously reported was obtained. Valence band measurement indicated that a depressed valence band maximum and a widened empty band were established in the amorphous ribbon. The unique structure of the amorphous alloy is important-it may reduce the activation energy of the degradation process and enhance the activity of the electrons,thus accelerating the degradation process.     

TEACHER＇S ROLES IN AN ENGLISH CLASS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

English is part of school curriculumn in primary school.How can children be successful in English learning？ The teacher may plays an important role in the process of teaching and learning.For a teacher,to know how to teach,especially to know what roles does the teacher play in an English calss is very important.This paper presents the teacher as an cotroller,an assessor,an organizer,a participant and a resource in an English classof primary school.     

Analytical method for promoting process capability of shock absorption steel

Mechanical properties and low cycle fatigue are two factors that must be considered in developin gnew type steel for shock absorption. Process capability and process control are significant factors in achieving the purpose of research and development programs. Often-used evaluation methods failed to measure processyield and process centering ; so this paper uses Taguchi loss function as basis to establish an evaluation methodand the steps for assessing the quality of mechanical properties and process control of an iron and steel manu-facturer. The establishment of this method can serve the research and development and manufacturing industry and lay a foundation in enhancing its process control ability to select better manufacturing processes that are more reliable than decision making by using the other commonly used methods.     

Impact of nuclear actin on the prophase chromosome construction of Physarum polycephalum

A cell-free system efficiently promoting mitosis has been developed using the precise natural synchronous plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum. The content changes of nuclear cyclin B were exploited to represent the prophase process of Physarum polycephalum. The possible function of nuclear actin on chromosome construction was investigated by detecting the content changes of nuclear cyclin B in the late G2 phase nuclei treated with cytochalasin B and incubated in the cell-free system. Our results showed that nuclear actin plays an important role in the process of the chromosome construction.     

Transient Flow in Rapidly Filling Air-Entrapped Pipelines with Moving Boundaries

Introduction Transient fluid flow in rapidly filling undulating pipe-lines with entrapped air is of practical interest in many areas,including water supply systems,sewer systems,and oil pipelines,and has received an increasing amount of attention recently…     

固体颗粒和空泡的Lagrangian模型

建立了固体颗粒和空泡在不可压缩流体任意流场中运动的Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ模型，考虑了浓度等因素对固体颗粒和空泡运动的影响，给出了计算固体颗粒和空泡的数值方法，并模拟了一水泵叶轮中的固体颗粒和空泡运动，得出了水泵叶轮流场中固体颗粒和空泡的运动特性，为分析水力机械的磨损提供了可行的数值模拟方法．     

疏水进入除氧器水箱喷注噪声的实验研究

通过实验探索了蒸汽在水下有限空间喷注时喷注噪声的辐射规律，发现其Ａ声压级同水的过冷度有直接关系；喷头孔径对最大喷注噪声Ａ声压级的影响不大，但较大的孔径可以使最大Ａ声压级出现的位置向低温处移动，而较小的孔间距可降低喷注噪声。同时发现，蒸汽水下喷注噪声的产生机理和空气动力性噪声的产生机理是不完全相同的，因此对小孔喷注噪声的研究结果不能直接应用于蒸汽水下喷注噪声的预测。     

倾斜偏心环空中宾汉流体层流流动

本文应用流体力学中的运动微分方程,建立了宾汉流体在倾针偏心环空中的层流流动模型。通过求解徽分方程得出了宾汉流体在该流动条件下的精确流速分布公式,并由此分析了倾针偏心环空宾汉层流流动特征,然后证明了当环空流速较高时,也就是当宾汉流体的屈服值г。与单位长度压降的比值较小时,宾汉流体层流最大流速“半径”P近似等于相同条件下的牛顿流体最大流速“半径”p1。文中也分析了由此产生的误差,结果表明当屈服值T。与单位长度压降的比值小于或等于0.01米时,相时误差不超过1,27%;最后进一步提出了精确计算该流动条件下的宾汉层流流量公式及压降公式。     

参数对输水管道水流冲击气团压力的影响

从理论上研究了阀门前充水段长度、滞留气团的初始长度、多方指数n等参数对输水管道水流冲击气团最大压力的影响．研究表明，阀前充水段长度仅改变系统的波动频率而与冲击气团最大压力无关．在忽略水头损失时，滞留气团的初始长度与冲击气团最大压力无关，而在考虑水头损失时，滞留气团的初始长度越长，水流冲击气团的最大压力越小，衰减越快；随着多方指数n值增大，水流冲击气团的最大压力减少；管路中的初始稳定气压对水流冲击气团产生的最大压力影响显著。     

封闭气泡对土壤渗透性影响的研究进展

非饱和土体中的部分气体极容易在入渗过程中被封闭在孔隙或裂隙中,形成互不连通的与外界隔绝的封闭气泡．封闭气泡的存在阻碍了水相的流动,使土体的渗透性能降低,从而对土体的入渗速率产生不可忽视的影响．通过阅读相关文献,分析总结了前人的研究成果,从封闭气泡对渗透性影响的相关试验研究以及数值模型等方面,介绍了目前国内外关于封闭气泡的研究进展情况,指出了目前有待解决的问题．     

基于等截面摩擦管流和自由流阻力的气力输运计算模型

冰雹连续抛射装置中使用压缩空气输运冰雹颗粒,为研究冰雹抛射运动规律,通过建立对应的气力输运计算模型,研究了冰雹抛射速度规律,分析计算结果指导冰雹抛射装置设计。将压缩空气在系统中的流动简化为流体网络。针对等截面摩擦管流,其抛射压力一定即边界条件一定,应用Runge-Kutta法求解该初值问题,获取抛射管沿程的总压、静压等参数分布。使用颗粒自由流阻力模型对颗粒在抛射管内的受力进行分析,从而得到其运动过程及最终抛射速度。对影响抛射速度的关键因素进行分析,结果表明：随着抛射气源压力的增大,空气流量和抛射速度逐渐增大,抛射速度增长逐渐缓慢;随着抛射管长度的增大,空气流量逐渐减小,抛射速度先增大后保持不变;随着抛射管内径增大,空气流量指数型增长,抛射速度也在增大,但增长趋势逐渐缓慢。可见抛射管管径不宜太大,管长不宜太长,计算结果对试验装置设计具有指导意义。     

考虑环空液体热力学特征的持续环空带压预测模型研究

气井持续环空带压已成为影响井筒完整性重要原因。为此,基于传热学及流体力学相关理论,充分考虑温压耦合作用对环空液体热膨胀系数、压缩系数影响,建立了持续环空带压预测模型。基于塔里木盆地克深气田高压气井-A井现场实测数据进行了模型对比分析,并利用所建模型对A井进行了环空压力诊断及可调控因素分析。结果表明：所建立模型预测数据更具参考价值,模型平均精度达96.06%;A井环空压力稳定值为82.22 MPa,漏点最大流量为1 931.23 m³/d,环空压力恢复过程中环空气柱高度随时间增加呈先增大后减小趋势;预留一定环空气柱高度、压力及降低环空温度有利于降低环空压力恢复速度,气柱高度变化量与初始气柱高度及压力呈负相关,与初始环空温度呈正相关。所建模型可为现场气井持续环空带压预测、管理提供有效指导。     

复合筒型基础浮运允许压差研究

复合筒型基础分舱间允许压差对其安全运输具有重要意义,针对复合筒型基础浮运过程中允许压差问题,以某海上风电项目中复合筒型基础浮运工程为背景,基于有限元软件ABAQUS定量分析了复合筒型基础浮运过程中允许压差与基础外吃水、分舱板厚度、基础直径、内舱压强值等参数变化的影响。研究结果表明：复合筒型基础浮运过程中分舱板Mises应力最大值与允许压差最大值随外吃水和分舱板厚度的增加表现为指数增长趋势,但相对于分舱板厚度变化,基础分舱板允许压差最大值对外吃水变化比较敏感;分舱板增设加强肋对复合筒型基础允许压差最大值有20%～35%的显著提升。当允许压差最大值确定时,可以根据实际工程需要选取基础各变化参数安全组合中的最优解。     

空气室式跳汰机内流体动力学规律分析

用流体力学方法导出了跳汰机内空气—水动力学体系的运动规律，并通过数值计算得出了不同风阀期特性下的跳汰机内的水流运动。与半工业性跳汰机内的实测结果进行的比较表明，所采用对跳汰机内水流运动与风阀特性的关系处理是合理的