漳州平原变性土粒径分布分形维数特征

 分形是许多自然事物和现象的客观特征之一。根据不同地形及土地利用/土地覆盖,从漳州平原不同地域分别采集22个0~60cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤各粒径质量分数,结果说明变性土土壤颗粒具有一定的分形特性。在此基础上,论述了漳州平原变性土粒径分布分形维数的变化特征以及土壤粒径分布分形维数与土壤性状间的关系。结果表明,漳州平原22个土壤样品粒径分布分形维数介于2.756~3.002之间,在垂直方向上,土壤粒径分布分形维数具有随着土层深度增加而增大的变异规律。通过回归分析发现,土壤粒径分布分形维数与各粒级颗粒质量分数明显呈线性关系,正负相关性以粒径r=0.1mm为界,即其分形维数与r>0.1mm的颗粒质量分数负相关,与r<0.1mm的颗粒质量分数正相关。土壤粒径分布分形维数随着植被覆盖度的增大而增加,并且土壤粒径分布分形维数随地形发生变化,表现为坡下>平地>坡上。     

不同林型兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体及其有机碳特征

【目的】团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其对有机碳的保护作用是稳定土壤碳库的重要机制。采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,探讨林型对兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体的分布、稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,为兴安落叶松林的可持续经营、碳汇功能提升提供参考。【方法】在内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松原始林内,依据不同林型(草类-兴安落叶松林、杜香-兴安落叶松林和杜鹃-兴安落叶松林)设置28块30 m×30 m的样地,以距地面0~10 cm、≥10~20 cm、≥20~40 cm和≥40~60 cm分层取土样,测定土壤理化指标、不同粒径土壤团聚体及有机碳含量;基于单因素方差分析、相关分析和逐步回归分析方法,分析各林型间土壤团聚体各特征值的差异,以及各土壤理化指标对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,筛选对各林型土壤团聚体有显著影响的主导因子。【结果】①兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体含量以粒径≥0.250~2.000 mm团聚体占比最高,且表层(0~10 cm)含量显著大于其他各层;各林型土壤大团聚体(粒径≥0.250~2.000 mm)含量大小表现为杜鹃-兴安落叶松林>草类-兴安落叶松林>杜香-兴安落叶松林,林型对20 cm以下土层各粒径的团聚体含量影响显著。②兴安落叶松林表层(0~10 cm)土壤的团聚体稳定性较高,其平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著大于其他各层,但各林型间无显著差异;稳定性指标在各林型间的显著差异主要发生在≥40~60 cm土层,杜鹃-兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体的稳定性较好。③各林型土壤团聚体有机碳含量由多到少依次为粒径≥0.250~2.000 mm团聚体、粒径<0.053 mm团聚体、粒径≥0.053~0.250 mm团聚体,各粒径均表现出杜香-兴安落叶松林的土壤团聚体有机碳含量最高;不同林型各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量均随土层深度增加而递减,递减速率随粒径大小依次减小,且具有明显的表聚特征。④土壤总有机碳是各林型粒径<0.053 mm和≥0.250~2.000 mm团聚体的共同主导因子,而粒径≥0.053~0.250 mm团聚体的主导因子因林型不同而存在明显差异。【结论】兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量均以大团聚体为主,林型对土壤团聚体的粒径分配和稳定性具有一定影响,其中,≥0.250~2.000 mm团聚体含量以杜鹃-兴安落叶松林的最高,<0.250 mm团聚体含量和各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量均以杜香-兴安落叶松林的最高。土壤理化性质对土壤团聚体的形成和稳定具有一定影响,不同林型的土壤团聚体主导因子存在差异;有机质是粒径≥0.250~2.000 mm土壤团聚体的主要胶结物质,而金属氧化物有利于<0.250 mm土壤团聚体的形成,土壤水分和养分含量高的酸性土壤有利于兴安落叶松林土壤大团聚体的形成和土壤结构的稳定。     

青藏高原高寒草甸土壤物理性质及碳组分 对增温和降水改变的响应

自2011年起,在青藏高原高寒草甸实施人工模拟增温和降水改变实验,2013年7月采集实验区土壤样品,监测土壤物理特性(土壤粒径和pH值)以及碳组分(全碳、有机碳、可提取有机碳、微生物生物量碳)的变化,得到如下结果。1)增温显著改变0~20 cm土壤温度和含水量,增水和减水显著提高和降低0~20 cm土壤含水量,但不影响土壤温度。2)在0~10 cm土层深度,增温显著降低土壤微生物生物量碳;增水降低土壤可提取有机碳含量,增加土壤微生物生物量碳;减水显著增加土壤黏粒比例和可提取有机碳含量,降低土壤砂粒比例和微生物生物量碳。在10~20 cm土层深度,增水显著降低土壤可提取有机碳含量。3)增温和降水改变对土壤测定指标的影响不存在交互作用。4)主成分分析结果表明,土壤总体格局发生趋同主要是因为降水改变,而不是增温。结果表明,在未来青藏高原高寒草甸降水持续增加的情景下,土壤黏粒比例和可提取有机碳含量的降低可能会进一步对高寒地区的植物生产力以及微生物群落产生重要影响。     

土壤颗粒组成及土壤容重对土地利用变化的响应

通过野外考察、典型剖面采样及室内实验,研究了黄土高原洛川塬典型耕地转变为苹果园后土壤颗粒组成和土壤容重等土壤物理属性的变异特征.研究结果表明:耕地改为苹果园地后,在0~20cm土层中,土壤粘粒含量显著增加(P0.01),其他土层没有显著变化;在0~60cm土层中,土壤容重显著降低(P0.01);在60~100cm土层中,没有显著性变化.在剖面垂直方向上,耕地颗粒含量从表层向下随着深度增加呈现先升高再降低的趋势,在20~40cm土层粘粒含量最高(17.18%),容重最大(P0.01),而苹果园0~60cm土层粘粒含量大于60~100cm土层,土壤容重则随着土层深度的增加有降低的趋势.可见,土壤容重和土壤颗粒中的粘粒含量均对土地利用变化表现出一定的敏感性.     

岳麓山坡面林下土壤有机质分布特征研究

运用统计学分析方法对岳麓山坡面土壤有机质、pH的空间特征及相互关系进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)有机质含量在8.05g/kg到13.8g/kg之间。0-20cm土层有机质含量为坡下﹤坡中﹤坡上,受人类活动、地表植被、枯枝落叶等覆盖物影响;20-40cm土壤层有机质含量从坡下往坡上呈先略微减小后增大趋势;40-60cm土层有机质含量从坡下往坡上呈递减趋势。(2)有机质质量分数在1.85%-3.17%之间,pH值在2.78-4.01之间。除0-20cm土层pH、20-40cm土层有机质为弱变异性外,其它层次均表现中等程度变异性。土壤pH为坡上坡下坡中,跟土壤母质、地表植被盖度和人类活动相关。除坡下土壤pH存在弱变异性外,其余不同坡位有机质、pH为中等程度变异性,两者的相关性达到显著性水平(P0.05)。     

西宁市不同功能城区土壤化学性质研究

对西宁市6个不同功能城区土壤化学性质进行了分析。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效磷含量以风景区最高;土壤速效氮含量以老居民区最高;pH以开发区最高,呈趋碱性演变。在6个功能区,3个土层样品其全磷和速效氮的含量差异均不显著(P0.05);0～5 cm和5～20 cm两个土层样品的pH差异不显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层,风景区与开发区差异显著(P0.05);全氮含量:0～5 cm土层,6个功能区差异均不显著(P0.05),5～20 cm土层风景区分别与商业区、老居民区、广场区和开发区差异显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层与开发区差异显著(P0.05);有机碳含量:在0～5 cm土层,风景区分别与广场区和开发区差异显著(P0.05),5～20 cm土层与开发区和商业区差异显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层与开发区差异显著(P0.05);速效磷含量:0～5 cm和5～20 cm土层,风景区与矿冶区间差异显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层分别与矿冶区、开发区、广场区和老居民区均差异显著(P0.05)。城市土壤养分在剖面中呈现没有规律性分布。     

位山引黄灌区农田土壤磁化率与粒度特征及其相关性分析

以位山引黄灌区为研究区,测定了农田土壤剖面的磁化率和粒度,并分析了二者的相关关系.结果显示:位山引黄灌区农田土壤低频磁化率(xlf)的变化范围为35.37-97.20×10~(-8)m~3/kg,均值为62.16×10~(-8) m~3/kg;频率磁化率(xfd)的变化范围为0.65%-22.14%,平均值为7.23%.土壤中粘粒(4μm)含量变化范围为3.20%-27.16%,平均值为9.07%;粉砂(4-63μm)含量变化范围为35.82%-90.23%,平均值为68.94%;砂粒(63μm)含量变化范围为1.95%-58.52%,平均值为21.99%;中值粒径的变化范围为9.56-72.86μm,平均值为34.94μm.相关性分析结果表明:剖面0-20cm土壤xlf与粉砂(4-63μm)含量呈显著负相关,与砂粒(63μm)含量及中值粒径呈显著正相关,与粘粒(4μm)含量相关性较弱,土壤xfd与各粒度组分含量及中值粒径的相关性均不显著.剖面20-80cm土壤xlf与粉砂(4-63μm)含量呈显著负相关,与砂粒(63μm)含量呈显著正相关,与中值粒径的相关性较显著,与粘粒(4μm)含量相关性不显著;土壤xfd与粘粒(4μm)及粉砂(4-63μm)含量相关性较显著,与砂粒(63μm)含量及中值粒径的相关性均不显著.研究认为:土壤磁化率在0-20cm耕作层主要受到土壤母质以及灌溉、施肥等人类活动的影响,而在20-80cm主要受土壤母质差异的影响.     

种养结合循环利用模式下不同养殖场土壤常微量元素含量分析

【目的】通过对集约化奶牛、猪和鸭养殖场所属农田土壤常微量元素全量分析,为种养结合循环利用模式的推广应用和生态效益评估,以及农田管理等提供依据．【方法】对风干过筛土样进行HCL-HF-HNO3-HCLO4混酸消解处理后,用ICP-OES测定土壤常微量元素全量,采用SPSS13．0对数据进行方差分析和LSD多重比较．【结果】奶牛场土壤Ca含量高于猪场（P〈0．05）．猪场土壤Mg含量低于对照组（P〈0．01）：鸭场土壤Mg含量高于猪场（P〈0．05）;奶牛场土壤Mg含量高于鸭场（P〈0．05）,高于猪场（P〈0．01）。猪场土壤Mn含量高于对照组和奶牛场（P〈0．05）．鸭场土壤Mo含量高于对照组,猪场以及奶牛场（P〈0．01）．奶牛场土壤Na含量高于鸭场俨〈0．05）和猪场（P〈0．01）．其余的不同组土壤常微量元素含量之间的比较,差异均为不显著．对照组土壤Ca含量与Mg,Mn,Na含量间具有显著的正相关（P〈O．05）;Mg含量与Mo,Na含量间分别具有极显著的负相关和正相关（Jp〈0．01）;Na含量与Mo含量之间具有极显著的负相关（P〈0．01）．鸭场土壤Ca含量与Mn含量具有显著的正相关（P〈0．05）：Mg含量与Mo含量具有极显著的正相关（P〈0．01）．猪场土壤中只有Ca与Mg含量之间具有显著的正相关（P〈0．05）．奶牛场土壤中Ca与Mn和Mo含量之间具有极显著的正相关（P〈0．01）;Mn与Mo含量之间具有显著的正相关（P〈0．05）．【结论】不同畜种养殖场土壤常微量元素含量高于对照组（P〈0．05）或（P〈0．01）,与试验组施用沼液和发酵堆肥有关;实施种养结合循环利用模式能够消除元素之间的拮抗作用,有利于作物生长;奶牛场土壤的Mn与Mo元素含量之间出现了显著的正相关（P〈0．05）,对作物生长有益,为土壤管理提供参考．     

汉江余姐河小流域土地利用对土壤粉粘粒分布的影响研究

为了研究汉江流域土地利用对土壤粉粘粒分布的影响,使用统计学及地统计学方法对3个土层的粉粘粒数据进行分析。结果表明:研究区3个土层的粉粘粒含量表现为0~20cm(A1)20~40cm(A2)40~60cm(A3),变异系数分别为13%、4%和14%,均属中等变异。三个土层的粉粘粒最优半方差模型均为指数模型,空间分布也都表现为中等空间相关。方差分析表明,在农地、林地、草地三种土地利用类型下,只有A3层粉粘粒含量存在显著性差异(P0.05)。另外,A1、A2、A3层之间的粉粘粒含量存在极显著差异(P0.01)。余姐河流域0~60cm土壤粉粘粒储量为10.21万t,其中农地、林地、草地的粉粘粒储量分别为3.44万t、3.23万t和3.54万t。     

北京山区典型森林土壤的养分空间变异与环境因子的关系

根据北京山区典型森林植被的分布设置采样点,应用典范对应分析(CCA)法,对土壤养分空间变异与环境因子的关系进行分析.结果显示:研究区土壤有机质、氮、钾含量相对丰富,严重缺磷,养分整体表现为中等变异.从CCA排序结果看,环境对养分变异的影响程度及因子数量均随土层深度的增加而减小.0—10cm、10—20cm土层养分的影响因子相似,主要为坡位、海拔、0—20cm土层含水量及容重;20—40cm土层养分的主要影响因子为坡位、海拔、0—40cm土层含水量及容重;40—60cm土层养分的主要影响因子为该土层的pH值.对不同养分指标而言,有机质、全氮和碱解氮的主要影响因子为坡位、土壤含水量、海拔及林分类型;速效钾主要受土壤厚度影响;其它指标受环境因子的影响小.环境因子的定量分离结果显示,其在总体上解释了83.33%的养分变异,其中土壤相关因子解释了50.37%,地形因子解释了7.96%,二者的耦合作用解释了25%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.