甲烷爆炸后体系的温度与压力

利用公式ΔU=-0.1196 n/λ.计算了不同浓度的甲烷爆炸后体系的温度,进而计算了爆炸产生的压力.当甲烷在空气中的浓度达到爆炸反应的下限浓度5.3%时,爆炸后体系的温度为1232 K,最高压力为4.13 atm.当甲烷在空气中的浓度达到9.5%时(甲烷与空气中的氧气完全反应),爆炸后体系的温度为1815 K,最高压力为6.09 atm.     

CO爆炸反应压力探讨

利用公式△U=-0.119 6 n/λ计算了CO在空气中爆炸反应发生时的温度,进而计算了爆炸反应产生的压力.计算表明,当CO在空气中的浓度为爆炸反应的低限浓度12.5%时,爆炸反应产生的最高压力为3.51 atm;当CO在空气中的浓度达到爆炸反应的高限浓度74%时,爆炸反应产生的最高压力为3.66 atm.     

水光解反应所需光子波长

本文根据光化反应的平衡判据,说明了光子的波长直接影响到平衡常数的大小。当波长λ＜279nm时,可以测到水光解反应产生的氢气和氧气;当波长λ=253nm时,水光解反应达到平衡时氢气和氧气的压力分别为1atm和0.5atm。地表太阳光波长为400nm～700nm,光子能量不足。可见直接利用太阳光分解水获取能源是不可能的。     

基于定容燃烧弹的不同初始压力甲烷爆炸特性研究

在工业生产现场中存在各种储罐,特别是在天然气柱罐区,天然气爆炸冲击波产生抛射物碎片形成多米诺骨牌效应。本文利用定容燃烧弹爆炸实验装置,通过设置不同初始压力、甲烷浓度条件,对不同初始压力下不同浓度甲烷爆炸特性进行了实验研究,结果表明初始压力增大,使甲烷-空气混合气的最大爆炸压力增大,爆炸危险性增加,初始压力对低浓度甲烷爆炸的最大压力影响最大;当量比浓度与爆炸下限之间的混合气体在初始压力增加时的正反馈效应,使当量比浓度与爆炸下限之间混合气体最大爆炸压力的增幅较当量比浓度与爆炸上限之间的增幅大,即当量比浓度与爆炸下限之间的混合气体较当量比浓度与爆炸上限之间的混合气体对初始压力更敏感。分析初始压力对甲烷爆炸传播的影响,对降低罐区甲烷爆炸事故的严重程度具有指导意义。     

高压高温甲烷-空气混合物爆炸极限试验

通过室内试验,研究甲烷-空气混合物在0.1～20 MPa和25～100℃条件下的爆炸极限和理论临界氧含量。采用高能量的通电钨丝点火系统,按照逐步逼近法获取爆炸极限点。基于试验数据,建立甲烷-空气混合物的高压高温爆炸极限预测模型。结果表明:随着初始压力和温度升高,甲烷的爆炸下限降低,爆炸上限显著增加,爆炸极限范围扩大,爆炸所需的最低临界氧含量降低,爆炸风险增加;甲烷-空气混合物在20 MPa和100℃条件下的爆炸极限为2.87%～64.40%,爆炸所需理论临界氧含量可降低至5.74%。爆炸上限处为贫氧状态,反应后有CO生成,爆炸下限处为富氧状态,反应产物多为CO_2。     

氢气及重烃组分对瓦斯爆炸下限影响的实验研究

为研究矿井瓦斯中含有的氢气及重烃组分对瓦斯爆炸下限的影响,建立了多组分瓦斯混合气体爆炸实验系统.运用该实验系统对分别混有氢气、异丁烷和正己烷的甲烷气体的爆炸下限进行了测定.实验结果表明:强点火源条件下,当混有氢气的体积分数达到1.5%时,甲烷的爆炸下限可以降到1%;当异丁烷和正己烷的体积分数约为0.25%时,甲烷的爆炸下限可降到2%左右.图8,表5,参10.     

可燃气体(液体蒸气)的最小氧浓度的估算及影响因素研究

最小氧气浓度是可燃气体和液体蒸气的重要安全参数之一．对最小氧气浓度的理论计算方法进行了研究，同时对最小氧气浓度的影响因素进行了分析探讨，得出它要受到温度、压力和惰性气体等因素的影响．阐明了最小氧气浓度与爆炸下限是一一对应的关系；使用理论计算值应注意附加一定的安全系数；可通过减少反应中氧浓度、降压、降温、加入惰性气体等办法．以缩小爆炸极限范围、增大最小氧气浓度．从而将其控制在爆炸范围之外．图1．表4，参9．     

少量乙烯对甲烷爆炸危险性及反应历程的影响

工业生产中可燃气体爆炸往往是多元可燃气体在空气中的爆炸,而乙烯作为活性非常高的可燃性气体,对甲烷爆炸的危险性有很大影响,为了进一步考察乙烯影响CH4爆炸的规律,采用标准的可燃气体爆炸极限测试装置,分析了含有不同浓度C_2H_4时,CH_4在空气中的爆炸极限;并基于密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-31G水平下对相关基元反应进行定量分析,计算出相应热力学数据,然后用反应内禀坐标法验证反应路径,结合反应动力学来分析C2H4对甲烷爆炸反应历程的影响。结果表明:少量C_2H_4可使甲烷爆炸上限和下限均有所下降,且爆炸下限下降更明显,爆炸危险度F值增大;C2H4裂解过程中的·C2H3与O2反应生成爆炸链反应的中间产物CH_2O,增加了CH_4爆炸链分支反应;C_2H_4的存在增加了链反应所需的中间产物,提高了整个反应体系活化中心浓度,促进了甲烷爆炸;计算结果从微观角度很好地解释了实验结果,得出了C_2H_4/CH4混合体系16步简化反应机理。     

高温和高压下CBM的爆炸极限

利用自主开发的实验装置,测定了20,60,100,150,200℃及常压,100,200和300 kPa初始条件下煤层气(CBM)的爆炸极限值.结果表明,随初始温度和压力的增加,爆炸极限上限变大,下限变小,爆炸极限范围变大,危险性增加;初始温度和压力对爆炸极限上限的影响大于对爆炸极限下限的影响.研究结论为CBM开发使用过程安全工艺参数的确定提供了实验依据.     

铝粉在不同爆炸环境中的反应率

利用恒温式量热计测定了两种粒度铝粉的含铝炸药在真空中和空气中的爆热值,分析计算了铝粉粒度及爆炸环境中氧含量对铝粉反应率的影响规律。结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,含铝炸药中铝粉在真空和空气中反应的百分含量呈递增趋势;在真空条件下,当铝粉含量为5%～30%时,12μm和125μm铝粉的反应率相差不大,反应率均为33%～38%;当铝粉含量为35%时,两者反应率分别36.4%和29.7%,12μm铝粉的反应率下降趋势较明显;在1 atm空气中,当铝粉含量为5%时,铝粉反应率最高,12μm和125μm铝粉的反应率分别为56.8%和75.0%,Al粉含量为10%～35%时,两者反应率分别为40%～47%和45%～51%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.