松材线虫与拟松材线虫种间杂交特性研究

选取来自中国、日本和美国的松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)4个虫株,以及中国的拟松材线虫(B.mucronatus)2个虫株进行生物学杂交和交配对象选择试验。结果表明:松材线虫和拟松材线虫的部分虫株可以发生种间杂交,正交总交配成功率为4.2%,反交总交配成功率为10%,反交成功率是正交的2倍。杂交整体发生率极低,杂交后代较难形成可持续的繁殖种群。采用松材线虫(简称Bx)/拟松材线虫(简称Bm)快速分子检测系统对杂交F1代幼虫进行分子鉴定,结果表明F1代幼虫既含有Bx分子标记也含有Bm分子标记。继代培养30 d后,杂交后代在基因型上表现出了不同趋向的分化,其中BxAN5♀×Bm JNL1 ♂、BxAN5 ♂×BmAN5♀和BxUSA ♂×Bm JNL1♀的杂交后代趋向于成为松材线虫占主导的种群,BxJNL5 ♂×BmJNL1♀的杂交后代趋向于成为拟松材线虫占主导的种群。在有种内交配资源存在情况下,无论松材线虫还是拟松材线虫均倾向于优先选择种内交配资源。研究表明松材线虫和拟松材线虫之间存在一定的生殖隔离,自然状态下种间交配可能会产生,但杂交后代较难形成可持续性繁殖的生殖后代。     

3种食物引诱剂诱螺效果及在灭螺剂中的作用

观察不同温度下3种食物引诱剂引诱钉螺的效果,并将其分别与灭螺植物绞股蓝水提物配伍制成颗粒灭螺剂进行灭螺实验,为研制既具有诱集作用,又具有毒杀作用的新型灭螺剂积累资料.结果表明:温度对食物引诱剂诱集钉螺有一定影响,在15-25℃诱集钉螺效果较好,35℃效果较差.在25℃实验条件下,H、M和C食物引诱剂24 h、48 h诱螺率分别为34.66%、79.34%;31.34%、56.34%;16.00%、38.66%.多因素方差分析表明:温度(F2,96=60.983,P<0.001)、食物引诱剂(F3,96=130.733,P<0.001)和时间(F3,96=103.040,P<0.001)对诱螺率都有很显著影响.3种食物引诱剂的诱螺效果依次为:H>M>C>CK(对照).用H、M、C 3种食物引诱剂分别制成颗粒灭螺剂诱杀钉螺,7 d钉螺死亡率分别为82.34%、66.34%、53.66%.     

一种快速鉴别湖北钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis)雌雄性的方法

湖北钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis)是一种雌雄异体的腹足纲动物,作为日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum)唯一的中间宿主,控制湖北钉螺是血吸虫病防治的关键环节,快速鉴别钉螺雌雄的方法可为血吸虫病的防治和科研工作提供理论依据.分别用室内鉴定、野外鉴别室内复查的方法,对湖北荆州钉螺进行了清洗、刺激、定位,观察等步骤,选取其头部和触角伸出的钉螺,用镊子夹住钉螺使其螺口朝左,整个螺体位倾斜向右,在奥林巴斯解剖显微镜观察钉螺头部与螺壳空隙.如果观察到有粉红色的阴茎,可以辨别为雄性钉螺,反之,则是雌性钉螺.湖北荆州钉螺在室内45 min内100只钉螺鉴别的正确率从5月份的92.60%到6月份的97.68%,最后7—8月的检测正确率达100%,平均每个钉螺被成功鉴别的时间大约在30 s之内完成.在室外60 min内100只钉螺鉴别的正确率达93.83%,平均每个钉螺被成功鉴别时间的大约在40 s内完成.此方法为快速、简单、准确辨别钉螺的雌雄提供有效的参考.     

枫杨、羊蹄水浸液对钉螺肝功能的影响

用酶学速率法测定并分析了不同浓度枫杨、羊蹄水浸液对钉螺肝脏谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)、谷草转氨酶 (GOT)活力的影响 ,同时比较了两种植物的作用效果及灭螺效果 .结果显示 ,随枫杨叶水浸液浓度的升高 ,GPT、GOT酶活力随之增高 ,0 .1 %、0 .5%浓度 (质量体积分数 )与水对照无明显差异 ,1 .0 %、2 .5%显著高于水对照 .羊蹄处理之钉螺肝GPT和GOT活性随浓度升高到 1 .0 %浓度达到峰值 ,2 .5%开始下降 ;除 0 .1 %与对照无明显差异外 ,其余浓度有明显差异 .两种植物相比 ,羊蹄对两种转氨酶的影响明显大于枫杨 ,灭螺效果也较之好 .     

沥鼻峡背斜煤层气富集的水文地质控气特征

通过对沥鼻峡背斜地层含水性、隔水性、地下水流向及其水化学特征的研究,得出了该区地下水的径流特征及其水力联系,并据此研究了该区水文地质对煤层气富集的控制规律.研究表明,沥鼻峡背斜矿区属断块型背斜水压封闭气藏.本区浅部含水层由大气降水控制,地下水径流活跃,就近排泄,对煤层气基本无影响;中部地层含水性弱,水流滞缓,对煤层气具有顶底板水网络状封闭作用;深部地层含水性弱,水流停滞,对煤层气具有底板水网络封闭作用;断层大多为上部导水、下部阻水的逆断层,上部断层水对煤层气具有压力封堵作用.此外,岩性封闭对煤层气的富集也起到了积极的作用.     

新型鸡骨泥挂面的研制

该文将鸡骨泥添加至老少皆喜好的挂面,利用骨泥中的高钙,制成了营养丰富、含钙高的健康鸡骨挂面。一方面将实现从日常膳食中强化钙,另一方面将填补国内花色挂面市场的空白。文章着重探讨了骨泥面面团改良剂的最佳配比,使用复合磷酸盐、CMC-Na、碳酸钾及食盐组成的复合面团改良剂改善鸡骨泥挂面的品质,确定骨泥挂面的最佳配方为:特一等面粉100%、鸡骨泥5%、复合磷酸盐0.35%、CMC-Na0.18%,碳酸钾0.3%、食盐1.8%及水30%。制成的鸡骨面经检测,较普通挂面有较高的钙、磷和蛋白质含量,其中钙含量356mg/100g、磷含量260mg/100g、蛋白质含量11.05%。     

棘腹蛙水系数动态与成体能量分布研究

棘腹蛙的水系数与其发育期密切相关，在卵期水系数最低，随着其产出后时间的延长而增加，在孵化前水系数平均值仅为58．91％，蝌蚪期水系数变化大，由刚孵化时的接近卵的水系数值，随着蝌蚪的长大而增加，体重在O.1g左右时达最大值94．35％。然而随着进一步的发育而降低至四肢全长出时降为88.4％，水系数在变态期为88．6％。完成变态后不久的幼蛙的水系数87．85％，平均体重2．149的一龄幼蛙的水系数为84％，二龄幼蛙的水系数83．74％，成蛙的水系数在80％左右。能量分布与动物的生理生态、形态等密切相关。棘腹蛙的能量分布从躯体结构来看，头部占10％（♀34．91％，♂31．07％），前肢占12％,后肢接近50％。     

泥-水界面微孔曝气对底泥重金属释放潜力的影响

采用自行研发的泥-水界面精准布氧系统研究了微孔曝气对安徽省合肥市南淝河城市重污染河段底泥重金属形态分布以及释放规律的影响.结果表明,微孔曝气明显改变了泥-水界面物理化学环境,增加了上覆水溶解氧(DO)质量分数和pH值,特别是显著提高了表层底泥氧化还原电位(ORP).泥-水界面微孔曝气处理显著改变了表层底泥重金属形态分布特征,显著降低了酸提取态重金属质量分数,而残渣态重金属的质量分数比例均出现不同程度增加.特别是镍(Ni)的形态变化对微孔曝气反应更为敏感,曝气前后残渣态质量分数比例由39.5%上升到55.0%.与对照组相比,在试验初期,泥-水界面微孔曝气处理下底泥间隙水重金属质量分数有所增加,但随着处理时间延长,这种增加效应逐渐减弱,至曝气处理10d以后,底泥间隙水重金属质量分数较对照组均有明显下降,尤其Ni下降更为明显.泥-水界面微孔曝气导致表层底泥中酸可挥发性硫(AVS)减少,但并没有促进底泥中重金属的释放.泥-水界面微孔曝气对底泥重金属生物有效性和释放风险的抑制效应主要归功于上覆水和表层底泥DO质量分数、pH和ORP等理化环境的改变.     

盐泥制备硫酸钙晶须工艺研究

以盐泥和硫酸为原料,采用常压酸化法制备硫酸钙晶须。考察反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速度、原料配比等因素对硫酸钙晶须的影响。通过实验得出优化工艺条件为:反应温度80℃,反应时间30min,搅拌速度150 r/min,原料配比(盐泥、硫酸、水的质量比)1∶1.84∶2。在该条件下,晶须产率为33.28%,晶须平均长径比为85,白度为68.4%,硫酸钙纯度达到92.75%。     

四等奖:旋启式水阻可控缓闭止回阀——1988年度国家发明奖获奖项目简介

单位:清华大学L程力学系 武汉阀门厂 发明人:王学芳、雷赤斌、叶宏开、汤荣铭、李滨江、余钢 旋启式水阻可控缓闭止回阀属于给排水管系的防倒流及防水锤装置。装置由阀体,水阻尼缸,缓闭调节阀,控制管路构成。事故停泵时,能控制水倒流,具有阀门关闭速度可调,防止水击,保护水泵及管路的功能。 新型止回阀,有合理的防水锤的关阀程序,克服了一般止回阀停泵关闭时水锤严重的缺点;运行输水时,阀瓣能稳定开到设计位置,不漂动,不摇摆;工作阻力比一般止回阀小20%～30%,寿命长,节能显著。 本阀门是据根水流瞬变理论,综合考虑装置的动态特性方程后,编…     

A single class of olfactory neurons mediates behavioural responses to a Drosophila sex pheromone

Insects, like many other animals, use sex pheromones to coordinate their reproductive behaviours. Volatile pheromones are detected by odorant receptors expressed in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Whereas fruit odours typically activate multiple ORN classes, pheromones are thought to act through single dedicated classes of ORN. This model predicts that activation of such an ORN class should be sufficient to trigger the appropriate behavioural response. Here we show that the Drosophila melanogaster male-specific pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) acts through the receptor Or67d to regulate both male and female mating behaviour. Mutant males that lack Or67d inappropriately court other males, whereas mutant females are less receptive to courting males. These data suggest that cVA has opposite effects in the two sexes: inhibiting mating behaviour in males but promoting mating behaviour in females. Replacing Or67d with moth pheromone receptors renders these ORNs sensitive to the corresponding moth pheromones. In such flies, moth pheromones elicit behavioural responses that mimic the normal response to cVA. Thus, activation of a single ORN class is both necessary and sufficient to mediate behavioural responses to the Drosophila sex pheromone cVA.     

Evidence that sensory traps can evolve into honest signals

Conventional models explaining extreme sexual ornaments propose that these reflect male genetic quality or are arbitrary results of genetic linkage between female preference and the ornament. The chase-away model emphasizes sexual conflict: male signals attract females because they exploit receiver biases. As males gain control of mating decisions, females may experience fitness costs through suboptimal mating rates or post-copulatory exploitation. Elaboration of male signals is expected if females increase their response threshold to resist such exploitation. If ornaments target otherwise adaptive biases such as feeding responses, selection on females might eventually separate sexual and non-sexual responses to the signal. Here we show that the terminal yellow band (TYB) of several Goodeinae species evokes both feeding and sexual responses; sexual responsiveness phylogenetically pre-dates the expression of the TYB in males and is comparable across taxa, yet feeding responsiveness decreases in species with more elaborated TYBs. Displaying a TYB is costly, and thus provides an example where a trait arose as a sensory trap but has evolved into an honest signal.     

Roaring by red deer stags advances the date of oestrus in hinds

Some male mammals call loudly and repeatedly during the breeding season. Although the song of male birds is known to have effects on male-male competition, mate selection and ovulation, until now the loud calls of male mammals have been shown to affect only competition between males. Although it has been suggested that loud calling could also serve to attract females, the possibility that it has a direct effect on reproduction in females has not previously been investigated for any mammal. Here I report that roaring in red deer (Cervus elaphus) advances ovulation and that harem-holding males can improve their mating success by regular calling.     

枫杨颗粒剂灭钉螺效果初报

研制了一种以枫杨（Pterocaryastenoptera）叶为主要成份,与淀粉、明胶等原料混合而制成的植物颗粒灭螺剂代替化学灭螺药品用于灭螺实验．与其它植物灭螺方式相比,这种颗粒灭螺剂对钉螺具有较强的毒杀作用,在室内用颗粒灭螺剂饲喂钉螺5天,杀灭钉螺最高可达到75％;并且具有应用广泛、成本低廉、药效持久、污染减少等特点．结果表明利用枫杨颗粒灭螺剂是植物灭螺的一种新型实用方法．     

Post-mating clutch piracy in an amphibian

Female multiple mating and alternative mating systems can decrease the opportunity for sexual selection. Sperm competition is often the outcome of females mating with multiple males and has been observed in many animals, and alternative reproductive systems are widespread among species with external fertilization and parental care. Multiple paternity without associated complex behaviour related to mating or parental care is also seen in simultaneously spawning amphibians and fishes that release gametes into water. Here we report 'clutch piracy' in a montane population of the common frog Rana temporaria, a reproductive behaviour previously unknown in vertebrates with external fertilization. Males of this species clasp the females and the pair deposits one spherical clutch of eggs. No parental care is provided. 'Pirate' males search for freshly laid clutches, clasp them as they would do a female and fertilize the eggs that were left unfertilized by the 'parental' male. This behaviour does not seem to be size-dependent, and some males mate with a female and perform clutch piracy in the same season. Piracy affected 84% of the clutches and in some cases increased the proportion of eggs fertilized, providing direct fitness benefits both for the pirate males and the females. Sexual selection--probably caused by a strong male-biased sex ratio--occurs in this population, as indicated by size-assortative mating; however, clutch piracy may reduce its impact. This provides a good model to explore how alternative mating strategies can affect the intensity of sexual selection.     

Trans-sexually grafted antennae alter pheromone-directed behaviour in a moth

When tobacco hornworm moths (Manduca sexta) are tested in a wind tunnel with a source of female pheromones upwind, males but not normal females show pheromone-modulated anemotaxis and a characteristic mate-seeking behavioural sequence. These behaviours are produced by stimulation of sensory neurones found only in male antennae. These neurones project axons only to dendrites of pheromone-specific interneurones in the macroglomerular complex, a region of neuropil in the antennal lobe characteristic of males but not present in normal females. Some interneurones in the antennal lobes of female moths that have received grafts of male antennae (gynandromorphs) respond postsynaptically to stimulation with bombykal, a major component of the pheromone. They branch into a region resembling the macroglomerular complex, like their counterparts in normal males. We show here that gynandromorphic females respond to pheromonal stimulation with anemotaxis. We also find that normal females display a similar sequence in response to the odour of their egg-laying site, the tobacco plant. It is likely that a common motor path is used either by pheromone-specific interneurones in the antennal lobes of males or by tobacco-specific interneurones in females. We assume that the interneurones in gynandromorphic females that branch into the macroglomerular complex induced by a grafted male antenna can activate this pathway.     

广西射击队退役运动员生活现况调查研究

随着社会的不断发展,我国的体育体制也在发生变化,退役运动员的安置问题和生活状况越来越引起社会的重视。通过问卷调查法、文献资料法和数理统计法,对广西射击队步枪、手枪、移动靶和飞碟四个项目退役的男、女共30名运动员进行问卷调查和访谈,就始练年龄、退役年龄、退役原因以及现生活状况进行调查。     

黄二星舟蛾交配状况的判别

<正>黄二星舟蛾Lampronadata cristata(Butler)在交配过程中存在着雄虫内阳茎内角状器向雌虫交配囊的转移。交配囊内精包、内阳茎内角状器及交配囊内精包与角状器的共存关系可以作为判别黄二星舟蛾雌雄成虫交配状况的形态指标。应用上述指标,测定了紫金山栎林内黄二星舟蛾的交配次数与交配率。     

天南星中草酸钙的形态及其对钉螺作用的研究

用天南星中草酸钙针晶处理钉螺,并用扫描电镜技术检测钉螺表面损伤情况,结果表明:24 h时,5、2.51、g/L的草酸钙针晶的钉螺致死率为63.33%,10%,0;72 h时5 g/L的草酸钙针晶对钉螺致死作用已接近100%.经过草酸钙针晶对钉螺活动影响实验和扫描电镜检测,可以看出发现草酸钙针晶对钉螺的活动具有抑制作用,可以将草酸钙针晶作为一种有效的灭螺辅助药剂.