Leptomeningeal metastasis from central nervous system tumors: A study of classification and stage in the spinal canal of 58 patients

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is caused by the spread of malignant tumor cells into the subarachnoid space.However,classification and staging of LM in the spinal canal is rare in the literature.The authors reviewed the records of 58 Chinese patients with LM for clinical features,neuroimaging,and treatments.Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain and spinal cord were performed in all patients.Removal of intracranial tumors was performed in all patients and diagnoses were confirmed by histology.The study group consisted of 58 patients,with 29 cases presenting with intraspinal symptoms.Of the 58,8 patients underwent intraspinal tumor removal,8 received radiotherapy alone,9 received chemotherapy alone,and 34 patients received combined radiochemotherapy.We classified LM into 3 types:type L or leptomeninges LM,is subdivided into 2 subtypes (subtype LI and LII (a,b)),type N or nerve root LM is subdivided into 2 subtypes (subtype NI and NII (a,b)),and type M or mixed-type LM.We also divided LM into stages of I-IV according to the symptoms and the volume of the tumor based on spinal axial MRI.Type LI LM often occurs in patients with intracranial and intraspinal tumors found simultaneously.Patients who receive surgery for intracranial tumors may present with type N LM.Surgery is suitable for patients with NI LM and LIIb LM in stages III-IV,presenting with severe spinal symptoms.The prognosis is better for type N LM than type L LM.     

Regenerative medicine of cornea by cell sheet engineering using temperature-responsive culture surfaces

Recently, regenerative medicine has been focused on as next-generation definitive therapies for several diseases or injuries for which there are currently no effective treatments. These therapies have been rapidly developed through the effective fusion be- tween different fields such as stem cell biology and biomaterials. So far, we have proposed ＂cell sheet engineering＂ through our core technology that simply applies alterations of the temperature which allows regulation of the attachment or detachment of living cells on the culture surfaces grafted with the temperature-responsive polymer ＂poly（N-isoproplyacrylamide）＂. This tech- nology enables us to construct bioengineered sheet-like tissues, termed ＂cell sheets＂, without the need of using biodegradable scaffolds and protease treatments that are traditionally used. Therefore, our carrier-free cell sheets not only are independent of the issues observed in conventional methods, but also showed further advantages in the reconstruction of the corneal epithelium or endothelium （e.g. improvement of optical transparency and cell-cell interactions to host stroma in reconstructed tissues）. Moreo- ver, our approach does not have issues such as immune rejection or limited number of donors, due to the use of cell sheets derived from autologous limbal （in patients with unilateral disease） or oral mucosal epithelial cells （in patients with bilateral disorders）. Indeed, we have successfully performed the clinical application for the reconstruction of ocular surfaces through the transplanta- tion of our carrier-free corneal epithelial cell sheets, as evidenced by improved visual acuity as well as long-term maintenance of postoperative health conditions on ocular surfaces in all patients. We have also proposed a novel approach for the reconstruction of the corneal endothelium using corneal endothelial cell sheets by demonstrating its successful application. Thus, our cell sheet engineering technique provides a breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine applied to the cornea.     

Drainage after total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for benign thyroidal disorders

Objective： This prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the necessity of drainage after total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for benign thyroidal disorders. Methods： A total of 116 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for benign thyroidal disorders were randomly allocated to be drained or not. Operative and postoperative outcomes including operating time, postoperative pain assessed by visual analogue scale （VAS）, total amount of intramuscular analgesic administration, hospital stay, complications, necessity for re-operation and satisfaction of patients were all assessed. Results： The mean operating time was similar between two groups （the drained and non-drained groups）. The mean VAS score was found to be significantly low in the non-drained group patients in postoperative day （POD） 0 and POD 1. The mean amount of intramuscular analgesic requirement was significantly less in the non-drained group. One case of hematoma, two cases ofseroma and three cases of transient hypoparathyroidism occurred in the non-drained group, whereas one case of hematoma, two cases of seroma, two cases of wound infections and two cases of transient hypoparathyroidism occurred in the drained group. No patient needed re-operation for any complication. The mean hospital stay was significantly shorter and the satisfaction of patients was superior in the non-drained group. Conclusion： These findings suggest that postoperative complications cannot be prevented by using drains after total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for benign thyroid disorders. Furthermore, the use of drains may increase postoperative pain and the analgesic requirement, and prolong the hospital stay. In the light of these findings, the routine use of drains might not be necessary after thyroid surgery for benign disorders.     

Short Review： Mitochondrion and its related disorders： Making a comeback

The great majority of genetic disorders are caused by defects in the nuclear genome. However, some significant diseases are the result of mitochondrial mutations. Because of the unique features of the mitochondria, these diseases display characteristic modes of inheritance and a large degree of phenotypic variability. Recent studies have suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in a wide range of age-related disorders and various forms of cancer.     

Developing the plate tectonics from oceanic subduction to continental collision

The studies of continental deep subduction and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism have not only promoted the development of solid earth science in China, but also provided an excellent opportunity to advance the plate tectonics theory. In view of the nature of subducted crust, two types of subduction and collision have been respectively recognized in nature. On one hand, the crustal subduction occurs due to underflow of either oceanic crust （Pacific type） or continental crust （Alpine type）. On the other hand, the continental collision proceeds by arc-continent collision （Himalaya-Tibet type） or continent-continent collision （Dabie-Sulu type）. The key issues in the future study of continental dynamics are the chemical changes and differential exhumation in continental deep subduction zones, and the temporal-spatial transition from oceanic subduction to continental subduction.     

Effects of Different Types of Socks on Plantar Pressures,In-shoe Temperature and Humidity in Diabetic Patients

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of different types of socks for patients with diabetes on reducing in-shoe plantar foot pressure when standing and walking. A total of 5 types of socks,including 3 types of diabetic socks and 2 types of daily /sports socks of various structures are studied. The effects of sock fabrication and design on plantar pressure redistribution that resulting in increasing the underfoot contact area and reducing the risk of pressure ulceration,as well as foot skin temperature and humidity, are examined. The results reveal that regardless of the different knitting structure,thickness and airspace ratio of the sock,both diabetic and daily /sports socks can effectively reduce high plantar pressure on the rear foot,and re-distribute the pressure to other foot regions,like the metatarsal heads. The effects of fabrication and knitting structure on pressure reduction and redistribution are not apparent in this study. However,they have a major impact on the control of foot skin temperature and humidity. The results of the study provide a reference for optimizing the design and functional performance of socks for patients with diabetes.     

1-C-(2''''-Oxoalkyl)-Glycosides as Latent α,β-Unsaturated Conjugates. Synthesis of Aza-C-glycosides and Thio-C-Glycosides by an Intramolecular Hetero-michael Addition

1 Introduction Aza-sugars, a class of polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine and piperidine, are powerful glyco-processing enzyme inhibitors and potential therapeutics for the treatment of diabetic, cancer, viral infection and other diseases~([1]). For example, N-hydroxyethyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (Miglitol) and N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (Zavestca) have been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and type 1 Gaucher disease, respectively. Numerous synthetic methods towards azasugars have been deve…     

Inhibition of bromophenols against PTP1B and anti-hyperglycemic effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodomela confervoides</Emphasis> extract in diabetic rats

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B （PTPIB） plays an important role as a negative regulator In insulin signaling pathways. PTPIB is an effective target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four bromophenol derivatives from red algae Rhodomela confervoides, 2,2＇,3,3＇-tetrabromo-4,4＇,5,5＇-tetrahydroxydiphenyl methane （1）, 3-bormo-4,5-bis（2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl） pyrocatechol （2）, bis（2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl） ether （3） and 2,2＇,3-tribromo-3＇,4,4＇,5-tetrahydroxy-6＇-ethyloxymethyldiphenylmethane （4） showed significant inhibitory activity against PTPIB （IC50 were 2.4, 1.7, 1.5 and 0.84 μmol/L, respectively） as potential therapeutical agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The anti-hyperglycemic effects of the ethanol extracts from If. confervoides on streptozotocin-induced diabetes （STZ-diabetes） in male Wistsr rats fed with high fat diet were investigated. The STZ-diabetic rats treated with medium-dose and high-dose alga extracts showed remarkable reductions in fasting blood glucose （FBG） as compared with the STZ-diabetic control. The results indicate that the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of the R. confervoides extracts can be partially attributed to the inhibitory actions against PTPIB of the bromophenol derivatives and that may be of clinical Importance in improving the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Inhibition of bromophenols against PTP1B and anti-hyperglycemic effect of Rhodomela confervoides extract in diabetic rats

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays an important role as a negative regulator in insulin signaling pathways. PTP1B is an effective target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four bromophenol derivatives from red algae Rhodomela confervoides, 2,2′,3,3′-tetrabromo-4,4′,5,5′-tetra- hydroxydiphenyl methane (1), 3-bormo-4,5-bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) pyrocatechol (2), bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (3) and 2,2′,3-tribromo-3′,4,4′,5-tetrahydroxy-6′-ethyloxy- methyldiphenylmethane (4) showed significant inhibitory activity against PTP1B (IC50 were 2.4, 1.7, 1.5 and 0.84 μmol/L, respectively) as potential therapeutical agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The anti-hyperglycemic effects of the ethanol extracts from R. confervoides on streptozoto- cin-induced diabetes (STZ-diabetes) in male Wistar rats fed with high fat diet were investigated. The STZ-diabetic rats treated with medium-dose and high-dose alga extracts showed remarkable reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG) as compared with the STZ-diabetic control. The results indicate that the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of the R. confervoides extracts can be partially attributed to the in- hibitory actions against PTP1B of the bromophenol derivatives and that may be of clinical importance in improving the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Effects of collagen types II and X 0n the kinetics of crystallization of calcium phosphate in biomineralization

The effects of the components of cartilages matrix on the process of endochondral ossification and the kinetics of crystal growth of calcium phosphate have been studied in the presence of type II or X collagen During the experiments，type I collagen was added as the seed material FT IR analysis shows that calcium phosphate crystallized on the surface of type I collagen was mainly hydroxyapatite. Both type II and X collagens could reduce the growth rate of calcium phosphate crystals，and the effect of type X collagen is more obvious. The reaction was in the fourth order in the presence of type II collagen The results showed that type II or X collagen had the ability to make Ca²⁺accumulate in the process of endochondral ossification，but has little effect on crystal growth and the product of biomineralization.     

大别山区葛根黄酮对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠糖脂代谢的影响

为研究葛根黄酮(RPF)对糖尿病模型小鼠糖脂代谢的影响及其可能的作用机制,采用四氧嘧啶(ALX,220mg/kg)腹腔注射建立糖尿病小鼠模型。RPF连续灌胃15d后摘眼球取血,分离血清,测定血糖、血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)水平;取肝、肾脏制成10%匀浆测定其NO和NOS水平;观察胰腺病理学形态变化。结果显示RPF能降低ALX诱导的糖尿病模型小鼠血糖、血清和肝脏中NO和NOS。其降糖机制可能与降低血清、肝脏的NO和NOS水平有关。     

2型糖尿病伴随高脂血症大鼠模型的建立及二甲双胍的干预

目的研究5%蔗糖饮水和高脂饮食加链脲佐菌素诱导2型糖尿病伴随高脂血症大鼠模型的建立及二甲双胍的治疗作用。方法SD大鼠一次性腹腔注射30 mg/kg链脲佐菌素,给予高脂饮食和5%蔗糖水喂养68 d后进行糖耐量实验,采血检测空腹血糖、血脂、胰岛素、抗氧化水平。结果与对照组比较,模型大鼠空腹血糖、糖耐量试验2 h后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数显著升高(P<0.05),胰岛素敏感指数显著降低(P<0.05),TG、TC和FFA含量明显升高(P<0.05),SOD活力明显降低(P<0.05),MDA含量显著增加(P<0.05);二甲双胍组胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、空腹血糖、糖耐量异常、糖化血红蛋白、血清胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数、MDA显著降低(P<0.05),胰岛素敏感指数和SOD活力显著提高(P<0.05)。结论5%蔗糖饮水能改善大鼠的厌食症状,加上链脲佐菌素的小剂量注射和高脂饮食,可成功复制2型糖尿病大鼠模型,伴随高脂血症和抗氧化损伤。二甲双胍具有降糖、降脂、抗氧化、改善胰岛素抵抗作用,可作为2型糖尿病伴随高脂血症大鼠模型研究的阳性治疗药物。     

白桦树皮提取物的降血脂作用研究

目的研究白桦树皮提取物(BH)的降血脂作用.方法分正常组、模型组、BH给药组:高(300 mg/kg)、中(200 mg/kg)、低(100 mg/kg)剂量和阳性对照组:脂必妥(300 mg/kg).预防给药7 d,末次给药2 h后,腹腔注射75%蛋黄乳液制作小鼠高脂血症模型,造模12 h后测定不同剂量的BH对小鼠血脂水平的影响.结果白桦树皮提取物能够显著降低小鼠血清中TC,TG,LDL-C浓度,显著升高HDL-C.结论白桦树皮提取物具有明显的降血脂作用.     

P407 诱导和脂肪乳剂建立小鼠高血脂模型的比较研究

摘要: 目的比较P407( 泊洛沙姆) 和脂肪乳剂的小鼠高血脂模型的特点。方法采用灌胃法给予小鼠脂肪乳剂,腹腔注射法给予小鼠P407,之后测血清中的胆固醇( TC) 、甘油三酯( TG) 、高密度脂蛋白( HDL-C) 和低密度脂蛋白( LDL-C) 。结果脂肪乳剂造模后小鼠TC、LDL-C 显著升高,TG 显著降低,HDL-C 的变化没有显著性。P407-1d 组的小鼠TC、TG、LDL-C 显著升高,HDL-C 显著下降,符合临床典型高血脂的特征。结论用P407 建立小鼠高血脂模型更快速,更接近临床高血脂症。     

低聚木糖降脂作用研究

采用喂食高脂饲料的方法建立高脂血症小鼠模型,观察低聚木糖对高脂血症成年小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清总甘油三脂(TG)和高密度胆固醇(HDL-c)含量的影响.结果表明,低聚木糖可有效降低高脂血症小鼠血清TC、TG含量,但对低密度胆固醇(LDL-c)含量的升高无明显效果.     

罗汉果黄酮的活血化瘀药理作用研究

为了观察罗汉果黄酮的活血化瘀药理作用,采用水提和树脂吸附方法提取罗汉果黄酮,采用尾静脉注射胶原蛋白和肾上腺素造成小鼠体内血栓,测定药物对小鼠脑血栓的保护率;用腺苷-5-二磷酸钠盐（ADP）诱导大鼠血小板聚集,计算药物对血小板聚集的抑制率; 腹腔注射75%蛋黄乳液造成实验性高血脂症,测定血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白含量; 采用毛细玻璃管法测定小鼠凝血时间,并进行了的急性毒性试验.结果表明,罗汉果黄酮对血栓形成有一定的保护作用;能抑制ADP诱导大鼠血小板聚集;明显降低高胆固醇血症小鼠的TC和TG含量,提高HDL-C的水平;以及延长小鼠的凝血时间.说明罗汉果黄酮具有一定的抗血栓形成、抗血小板聚集、降血脂、抗凝血等活血化瘀药理作用.急性毒性试验结果表明,罗汉果黄酮对小鼠的最大给药量为60.85g/kg.     

番茄红素抗高脂血症鹌鹑氧自由基和脂质过氧化作用

为研究番茄红素（Lycopene）对氧自由基的清除作用及抗脂质过氧化的作用。采用食饵法诱导鹌鹑高脂模型,实验组分空白对照组、高脂模型组、番茄红素组（40mg／kg和20mg／kg）,给药后每4周抽1次血,连续2次,分别测定血浆TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL—C和血浆及肝脏MDA、SOD。结果显示：高脂饮食诱导4周后动物血浆和肝脏TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C和MDA含量上升,SOD活力下降。番茄红素用药4周后可降低血浆和肝脏中的TC、TG、LDL-C和MDA含量,升高HDL-C含量和SOD活力,且呈剂量依赖关系。由此可知,番茄红素对鹌鹑高脂血症模型具有抗氧自由基和脂质过氧化作用。     

饮食限制对高脂小鼠降血脂和学习记忆行为的影响

为探究饮食限制对高脂小鼠体质量、血脂及学习记忆能力的影响,建立了高脂小鼠模型,设模型组和20%,40%,60%饮食限制组(DR20%组、DR40%组、DR60%组),饮食限制28 d,测定小鼠的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量;用开场实验和水迷宫实验测定小鼠的学习记忆能力;解剖小鼠,测定小鼠各脏器系数及Lee’s指数.结果显示:各饮食限制组小鼠体质量、Lee’s指数、脂肪系数、TG含量均显著低于模型组(P<0.05);DR40%组和DR60%组小鼠肝系数显著大于模型组,脾系数显著小于模型组(P<0.01),而HDL-C含量均高于模型组(P<0.01);DR60%组小鼠TC和LDL-C含量显著低于模型组(P<0.05);水迷宫实验中,各饮食限制组小鼠潜伏期显著短于模型组(P<0.05).表明饮食限制对高脂小鼠具有降低体质量和血脂及增强学习记忆的作用.     

壳寡糖及其衍生物对实验性糖尿病大鼠调节血脂和抗氧化作用

研究了不同剂量的壳寡糖，N-乙酰氨基单糖对STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠的调节血脂和抗氧化作用．按65mg／kg一次性腹腔内注射（ip）STZ制备糖尿病大鼠模型，随机分成糖尿病治疗组和糖尿病对照组．治疗组分剐用壳寡糖、N-乙酰氨基单糖水溶液按每日250mg／kg，500mg／kg，1500mg／kg灌胃，正常对照组，阴性对照组按体重灌胃等体积蒸馏水（10mL／kg），阳性对照组按每日200mg／kg灌胃二甲双胍水溶液，连续60d．对DM大鼠血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛浓度以及总抗氧化能力及甘油三酯、总胆固醇、载脂蛋白A1、载脂蛋白B、载脂A1/载脂B等指标进行测定．研究结果表明不同荆量的壳寡糖和N-乙酰氨基单糖均能不同程度地改善糖尿病大鼠的体重减轻、多饮、多食等症状．壳寡糖各剂量组对总抗氧化能力、SOD活力均有显著改善，MDA浓度与阴性对照组比较均有极其显著差异（P〈0．001），且剂量越高总抗氧化能力越强，MDA浓度越小，但SOD活力降低．壳寡糖组甘油三酯与正常组浓度无显著差异，胆固醇浓度轻度升高，载脂蛋白B质量浓度相对阴性对照组降低，中剂量组有显著差异（P〈0．050），各剂量组载脂A1／载脂B值与阴性对照组比较有显著差异，中剂量组效果最好；N-乙酰氨基单糖各剂量组对总抗氧化能力的改善效果与阴性对照组比较均无显著差异（P〉0．050），中、低剂量组SOD活力显著升高，MDA浓度与阴性对照组比较均有极其显著差异（P〈0．001），且剂量越低总抗氧化能力越强，MDA浓度越小，SOD活力增加．N-乙酰氨基单糖各剂量组甘油三酯，载脂蛋白B质量浓度相对阴性对照组较低，裁脂A1／载脂B值降低与阴性对照组比较均有极显著差异（P〈0．01），低剂量组效果最好．不同剂量的壳寡糖和N-乙酰氨基单糖均能不同程度地调节糖尿病大鼠血脂和提高其机体抗氧化能力，壳寡糖中、高剂量组与N-乙酰氨基单糖低剂量组效果较好．     

黑苦荞茎叶提取物对高血糖小鼠降血糖功能的研究

为了研究黑苦荞茎叶提取物的降血糖作用,先将18mg/mL的四氧嘧啶按180mg/kg注射到小鼠腹腔,72h后再用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测其空腹血糖值,血糖值大于11.1mmol/L者为造模成功的小鼠.将高血糖小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性组(300mg/kg)、低剂量组(210mg/kg)、高剂量组(420mg/kg),另取正常小鼠做空白对照组,各组分别灌胃相应的实验材料,1次/天,连续14天,第15天采血检测其空腹血糖值,比较各组间的差异.结果显示:与模型组比较,高、低剂量组小鼠的血糖值显著降低,外观和精神状态得到改善,多尿状况得到缓解,体质量缓慢增加,实验表明黑苦荞茎叶提取物对四氧嘧啶诱发的高血糖模型小鼠有降血糖作用.