油田泵类设备机械密封腐蚀失效分析

泵类设备在油田广泛使用,其结构设计常采用机械密封。在使用过程中,如果机械密封失效,轻则泄漏,重则设备的运转率急剧下降或造成设备的运转故障,严重的还会造成设备事故。分析了泵类设备机械密封腐蚀失效的原因和特征,对密封件腐蚀失效进行了分类,并列举了一些工程腐蚀失效实例,提出了泵类设备机械密封抗腐蚀的具体技术措施。     

石化釜用机械密封失效问题的探讨

釜用机械密封是解决搅拌轴密封的一种理想方式,而泄露则是石化釜用机械密封失效的主要形式。该研究将主要对釜用机械密封失效的形式、密封失效的原因以及解决密封失效性的方法进行分析和探讨。     

浅谈液化石油气泵的机械密封

根据石油化工机械密封的原理与特点,探讨石油化工机械密封尤其是液化石油气泵密封失效的危害和原因,结合工作实践与相关理论,探讨机械密封失效的改善对策和措施。     

进口糊树脂单体泵机械密封失效分析及改造

针对进口糊树脂单体泵在特定使用工况条件下所造成的机械密封失效进行分析,提出了机械密封的改造方案,改进了弹簧的形式并采用浮装结构,解决了机械密封的短期失效问题。     

浅析机械密封泄漏原因

机械密封是流体机械和动力机械中的重要部件,对整个机械的正常运转至关重要,该文从机械密封的组成、工作原理出发,对前人的研究经验进行了分析总结,归纳出影响机械密封泄漏的主要原因有密封端面磨损、密封元件腐蚀、热效应、压力波动等因素,同时也指出输送流体介质的性质、机械密封安装误差、振动等因素都会导致机械密封失效,产生泄漏。     

论机械密封原理及失效冲洗

目前机械密封在各行各业中的应用非常广泛,而随着产品技术水平的提高和节约能源的要求,机械密封的应用前景将更加广泛。本文笔者结合工作实际,浅谈一下机械密封原理及失效分析原因和冲洗结构特点。     

碱液循环泵机械密封失效分析及改进

通过对天津石化油品车间P215碱液循环泵机械密封频繁失效的原因进行分析,改进了密封结构和摩擦副端面尺寸以及机封性能参数,取得了良好的密封效果。     

液态烃泵机械密封失效分析及对策

在泵送液态烃时 ,机械密封很容易泄漏。本文就其机械密封失效的原因作如下分析 ,提出改进措施     

油缸密封的失效及压力补偿

对高压油缸的密封失效提出了一种理论解释。通过分析液压缸密封圈的受力情况和泄漏情况，论述了密封间隙出现非磨损性增大会引起高压油罐密封失效的观点，介绍了防止这种失效的压力补偿方法，此方法的有效性已在实践中得到了证明。     

探讨石油化工生产常用机械密封形式与失效原因分析

在连续运转的石油化工生产中,特别是在冰系加工车间,再其生产过程中常会产生一些有害流体,为了避免流体外流,常会将其封装在装置中。然而其毕竟会有从装置中流出的时候,不仅浪费资源、污染环境,同时也会爆炸甚至给人们的生命财产安全带来一定损失。机械封装装置凭借其独特的优势在石油化工生产中广泛的应用。本文主要从机械密封概念及特点、石油化工生产中比较常见的机械密封形式、对石油化工生产中机械密封失效原因进行分析等方面出发,对石油化工生产常用机械密封形式与失效原因进行相应探讨。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the