半干旱区小城镇周边沙丘水分的时空变化——以乌审旗达布察克镇为例

水分是影响干旱区沙丘植被分布、生长和生存的关键因素.以内蒙古自治区乌审旗达布察克镇周边8km范围为研究区域,对不同类型沙丘的土壤水分进行连续观测,研究城镇周边沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律.结果表明:研究区沙丘土壤含水量时间变化分为春季积累期、水分消耗期、秋季积累期、稳定期4个阶段.在空间分布上,不同沙丘土壤含水量大小表现为:流动沙丘半固定沙丘固定沙丘(纯蒿)固定沙丘(柳蒿混生);沙丘土壤水分垂直变化可分为土壤水分速变层、土壤水分活跃层和土壤水分相对稳定层3个层次;从沙丘地形部位看,丘间低地地下水位高,而背风坡土壤含水量接近植物凋萎系数.     

毛乌素沙地南缘4种灌木生长季水分利用来源分析

为提升毛乌素沙地防风固沙植被体系的稳定性,利用氢氧稳定同位素法,对不同类型(油蒿、羊柴、紫穗槐、沙地柏)固沙灌木生长季潜在水分来源及水分利用特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同类型固沙植被恢复区土壤水分含量具有较大差异,生长旺季显著高于其他两时期。在生长季初期和生长旺季,土壤水分含量随土层深度的增加表现出先增加后减少的趋势,而生长季末期土壤含水量随着土层的增加变化不明显或有所减少;(2)不同类型固沙植被恢复区土壤水和植物样中δD值差异明显,表层土壤水中δD值较集中,而深层土壤水中其含量之间差异比较大;(3)植物水分利用来源和比例的分析表明,油蒿生长季水分利用来源比较均匀,在生长旺盛期偏重于利用浅表层土壤水;紫穗槐和沙地柏主要利用深层土壤水;羊柴对深层和浅层土壤水分均有利用。为避免固沙植物水分利用之间发生竞争,紫穗槐和沙地柏不宜混合搭配,而油蒿和上述两个植物之间可以考虑进行混合搭配。     

高寒沙地柠条群落土壤水分空间分布特征研究

为探讨治理50余年人工植被恢复区地表0～100 cm深度范围内土壤水分的空间分布特征,文中选取典型高寒干旱荒漠区——共和盆地西北部沙珠玉沙区不同年代栽植的典型固沙植物—柠条(Caragana korshinskii)沙丘,采用植被样方调查和烘干法分析该地区土壤水分的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)植被恢复年限越长,土壤含水量越低;(2)通过分析土壤水分与植被盖度的关系,发现在一定的土壤含水量条件下,植被盖度维持在一定的水平;(3)土壤含水量具有明显的季节性,与降水量的变化几乎同步;(4)各植被恢复区的土壤水分垂直分布存在季节差异性,主要表现为降水引起的表层10 cm土壤水分的变化。由此可见,植被盖度与土壤水分空间分布特征相关性对理解与探讨沙地人工生态系统稳定性机理有着重要作用。     

鄂尔多斯高原灌丛化草地恢复机制解析

为澄清严重灌丛化草地能否自然恢复的争论性问题,从灌草植物水分利用与土壤水分变化的角度分析了鄂尔多斯高原油蒿灌丛化草地的恢复过程。结果表明,油蒿灌丛化草地围封后油蒿地上生物量由最高的231.7g/m²下降至9.3 g/m²,而长芒草生物量则由0上升至137.6 g/m²;0～10 cm根系生物量显著增加,10 cm～20 cm根系显著减少,灌丛化草地恢复为长芒草为主的草地的趋势明显。随灌丛化草地恢复,表层土壤细粒物质增加,降雨向土壤深层入渗减少,表层土壤含水量增加。固定沙地油蒿群落油蒿5月和9月主要水分来源为浅层土壤水,7月主要利用深层土壤水;长芒草主要利用浅层土壤水。固定沙地长芒草群落油蒿5月和9月主要利用中层土壤水,油蒿7月主要利用深层土壤水;长芒草主要利用浅层土壤水。抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质分析显示长芒草的耐旱性高于油蒿。灌草植物水分利用差异与不同土层土壤水分变化是灌丛化草地恢复的关键驱动因素。     

SWCC测定时吸力计算公式与最佳离心时间的探讨

采用离心机法测定了南京市栖霞区东阳镇0～20cm,20～40cm,40～60cm 3层土壤的水分特征曲线(SWCC),分析了密度变化对吸力的影响、质量含水量与时间的关系、土壤吸力与质量含水量的关系;根据分析结果改进了传统的吸力求解公式,得出了离心机法测定粉砂壤土水分特征曲线时的最佳离心时间.改进公式克服了传统公式计算吸力时没有考虑土壤压缩的弊端,计算得到的土壤体积含水量可以随土壤干密度的变化而变化,土壤水分特征曲线更能合理地反映土壤水分的保持和运动规律.     

沙坡头人工固沙区油蒿叶片氮质量分数及其影响因素

通过对沙坡头人工固沙区和过渡区荒漠植物油蒿叶片氮质量分数的测定,研究了土壤水分和油蒿叶片N质量分数的年际、季节和微生境变化,并对影响油蒿叶片N质量分数的主要限制因子进行探讨．结果表明：年际间、季节和微生境间油蒿叶片N质量分数差异显著．极端干旱年（2005年）油蒿叶片N质量分数显著高于干旱年的（2004年）．与干旱年相比,极端干旱年油蒿叶片N质量分数增加15．31％．在干旱年,油蒿叶片N质量分数无一致的季节变化规律,而与微生境深层土壤水分变化趋势一致．叶片N质量分数与100cm土层土壤含水量和相对湿度显著正相关,说明干旱年油蒿叶片N质量分数主要受深层土壤水分和相对湿度等因素控制。但在极端干旱年,不同微生境下油蒿叶片N质量分数有较为一致的季节变化规律,叶片N质量分数与地面温度和气温呈显著负相关关系,表明极端干旱年温度是影响油蒿叶片N质量分数的主要限制因子。     

晋西黄土区不同林龄人工刺槐林下植被及土壤水分特征

以晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区10、15、20a人工刺槐林为研究对象,原生荒草地为对照,采用时空互代法,调查分析坡面刺槐人工林植被恢复过程中林下植被演替和0~400cm土层土壤水分分布情况.结果表明:随着人工刺槐林林龄的增加,林下灌草植被物种丰富度变大,植被结构发育变好;不同林龄刺槐林地与荒草地土壤平均含水量由大到小顺序为荒草地(16.61%)、20a刺槐林地(10.08%)、15a刺槐林地(9.54%)、10a刺槐林地(8.52%);随着刺槐林龄的增加,土壤水分随坡位下降而增大的趋势有所改变,成熟刺槐林对坡面土壤水分空间分配的调节作用明显;人工刺槐林土壤水分沿垂直剖面变化方式与原生荒草地差异明显,15a以上刺槐林对100cm以下土壤水分的影响已基本稳定;人工刺槐林的生长造成了严重的林地土壤水分亏空,随着林龄的增长0~200cm土层土壤水分条件有所改善,但深层土壤(200~400cm)没有明显的恢复迹象.研究结果为黄土区植被恢复和刺槐林的经营管理提供了科学依据.     

不同退化湿地土壤含水量纵向变化分析

以若尔盖湿地作为研究对象,测定了不同退化程度湿地的土壤水分含量,并分析其随土壤深度变化的纵向变化规律.结果表明,在典型苔草湿地中,土壤含水量主要受植被根系蓄水影响,在20 cm深度左右含水量达最大.在轻度和中度退化湿地中,土壤含水量受植被根系蓄水和地下水的共同影响,土壤深度在20 cm以内,随土壤深度增加而增加;土壤深度在20~65 cm之间,土壤含水量随深度增加而减少;土壤深度在65 cm以下,土壤含水量随深度增加而增加.在严重退化湿地中土壤含水量主要受地下水影响,随深度增加持续增加.     

滇东喀斯特石漠化区不同植被恢复模式下土壤水分空间变异特征研究

分析了7种不同植被恢复模式的土壤容重和水分等土壤特性的变异及分布特征．结果表明,土壤容重变异较小,土壤水分含量变化相对较大．不同植被恢复模式之间,天然成熟林的含水量最大,新造林最低;不同坡位之间,以下坡的含水量最大．容重变化与水分含量变化恰好相反．通过研究滇东喀斯特石漠化地区不同年龄植被在不同坡向、坡位、石漠化程度等条件下土壤水分的空间变异规律,为滇东喀斯特石漠化地区的植被建设和规划提供理论依据和实践依据．     

晋南黄土台垣人工植被土壤干燥化研究

根据晋南黄土台垣临猗县孙吉村49龄柿子林、12龄苹果林和小麦地土壤含水量的测定,研究了0～600 cm土壤含水量的变化和土壤干层特点与分布.结果表明:临猗孙吉村人工植被下有土壤干层存在,且发育强度很高,为中度或中度以上干层.与普遍认为的2～4 m的土壤干层的分布层位相比,临猗孙吉村人工植被下土壤干层分布更广泛,在0～600 cm甚至600 cm以下都有发生.此外,对比该地区三种不同植被下深层土壤含水量,得出三种植被干化程度为苹果树>柿子树>小麦.通过综合分析得出,晋南黄土台垣是不适于造林和小麦种植的.但是,为了该区的农林发展及生态环境建设,也可以选择耐旱树种并加大树的间距营造人工林.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with