天然气水合物抑制剂BVP性能研究

随着国内天然气开采规模的日益扩大和深海开采的进行,由天然气水合物所引起的问题,日益受到了石油天然气研究人员的重视。为抑制天然气水合物的生成,急需研究开发出加量少、效率高的水合物抑制剂。为此,自主合成了新型动力学水合物抑制剂BVP,采用自制评价设备,以四氢呋喃法[THF]对其性能进行了评价。评价结果： BVP加量为0.5%～0.75%时,水合物结冰温度为-8℃,过冷度为-10℃;结合天然气水合物抑制剂PVP做性能对比,BVP的性能明显优于PVP,BVP浊点较PVP浊点提高了27.2℃,相同加量条件下BVP承受过冷度较PVP承受过冷度低2～3℃;结合热力学抑制剂复配,最优复配方案：5%～10%NaCl 0.5%BVP,该复配方案下溶液能够承受过冷度达-12℃～-16℃。     

氯化钠和酪氨酸增强PVP抑制水合物的性能

油气输送管道在一定条件下会形成水合物,可能导致灾难性的后果,通过注入动力学抑制剂,可以延迟水合物的形成。在11.7 MPa和293.1 K条件下,向高压反应釜内注入混合气体(甲烷、乙烷和丙烷),实验研究NaCl和酪氨酸(L-tyrosine)对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)抑制水合物性能的影响。通过测量水合物的成核温度、诱导时间和耗气量,评判NaCl和L-tyrosine对PVP抑制水合物的效果。实验结果表明:添加1%(质量分数,下同)的PVP后,水合物的成核温度为282.7 K,诱导时间为45 min,耗气量为5.96×10~(-2)mol;然而,添加0.25%NaCl、0.25%L-tyrosine与0.5%PVP组合抑制剂后,水合物的成核温度为281.7 K,诱导时间为65 min,耗气量为5.19×10~(-2)mol,比蒸馏水系统的气体消耗量减少了约27%。因此,NaCl和L-tyrosine能明显提高PVP抑制水合物的效果。     

Al-5Ti-0.2C细化剂对7085铝合金形核及过冷度的影响

在7085铝合金凝固过程中添加不同质量分数的Al-5Ti-0.2C细化剂,对比其铸锭凝固组织,并用DSC测定其凝固过程熔体过冷度,探讨Al-5Ti-0.2C细化剂对铝熔体形核与过冷度的影响。研究结果表明:Al-5Ti-0.2C细化剂能够明显细化晶粒,当细化剂质量分数为0.5%时细化效果最好;细化剂质量分数的差异对DSC曲线中的熔化曲线影响较小,而凝固曲线有明显差异;在凝固过程中增大细化剂质量分数,铝熔体形核过冷度与最大过冷度都呈递减趋势,当细化剂质量分数超过0.5%时,过冷度不再有明显递减趋势;Ti C颗粒是铝熔体异质形核的核心,凝固过程中Ti C颗粒的发生团聚,从而增大形核基底颗粒粒度,减小润湿角与临界形核能,最终减小熔体中形核所需过冷度。     

水合物动力学抑制剂在油水体系内抑制性能实验研究

水合物造成的管道流动安全问题长期困扰着油气生产和运输部门。采用高压蓝宝石反应釜,系统研究了一类水合物动力学抑制剂在油水体系内的抑制性能,实验结果表明:在(柴油+水+甲烷)体系内,可视观察法测定的诱导时间更能真实反映水合物动力学抑制剂的抑制性能;随着动力学抑制剂添加浓度的增加,在进气压力相近情况下,体系可承受的最大过冷度呈现先增大后减少的趋势。在(柴油+水+乳化剂+甲烷)体系内,乳化剂的添加浓度对体系可承受的最大过冷度无明显影响;在动力学抑制剂添加浓度相同情况下,实验测定的最大过冷度比(柴油+水+甲烷)体系中的测定结果偏小。最后从油水乳化角度对比分析了动力学抑制剂在油水体系内的抑制机理。     

新型冷链物流用复合相变材料制备及过冷度影响因素

针对冷链物流冷冻温区应用场合,提出将三羟甲基丙烷、氯化铵、水组成三元复合相变蓄冷材料,利用差示扫描量热仪筛选得到了性能较为优异的复合材料,其质量比为1∶2∶7,相变温度为-19.4℃,潜热焓为250.5 kJ/kg。实验研究了降温速率、冷却介质温度、容器尺寸和纳米颗粒(Al2O3,Fe2O3,TiO_2)对该材料过冷度的影响规律。结果表明:当降温速率从1.89℃/min逐渐减小至0.47℃/min时,过冷度降低幅度为40.9%;冷却介质温度从-30℃升高到-24℃的过程中,过冷度最大降低幅度为48.5%;容器直径从10 mm增大到20 mm的过程中,过冷度降低幅度达到39.5%;TiO_2纳米颗粒质量分数在0.4%时,过冷度降低效果最佳。由此可见,在一定范围内减小降温速率,增大冷却介质温度和容器尺寸,添加一定量的TiO_2纳米颗粒,可有效降低相变蓄冷材料的过冷度。     

一种新型晶粒长大抑制剂对YG10硬质合金烧结行为的影响

研究了一种新型晶粒长大抑制剂对机械合金化制备的纳米晶WC-10Co复合粉末真空烧结行为的影响,探讨了其影响机理.研究结果表明:新型晶粒长大抑制剂有利于烧结致密化;在传统的过渡族元素碳化物基础上添加新型晶粒长大抑制剂,能明显提高复合抑制剂抑制晶粒长大效果,使WC晶粒在烧结过程中明显发生定向生长,抑制盘状WC晶粒的形成;含0.1%新型晶粒长大抑制剂的WC-10Co-0.8VC/Cr3C2纳米晶复合粉末压坯在1375℃烧结30 min后密度为14.48 g/cm3,WC晶粒尺寸为160 nm,显微硬度为2.150 GPa.     

气体水合物动力学和热力学抑制剂复合作用试验

气体水合物动力学抑制剂具有使用剂量低、对环境友好等特点,但其抑制效果受过冷度等影响较大。在对水合物热力学与动力学抑制剂抑制机制分析的基础上,通过试验,对动力学抑制剂(N-乙烯基己内酰胺)抑制作用及其与热力学抑制剂(甲醇)的复合效果进行研究,分析热力学抑制剂含量、压力、过冷度和过冷时间对复合体系水合物抑制效果的影响。结果表明,N-乙烯基己内酰胺与甲醇复合,可在更高的过冷度条件下产生较好的动力学抑制效果,其作用受压力和过冷时间影响较大。     

天然气水合物新型动力学抑制剂抑制性能研究

提出了一种组合天然气水合物动力学抑制剂GHI1(聚乙烯吡略烷酮(Inhibex157)与二乙二醇丁醚按1:1的质量比组合而成).在温度为4℃、压力为8.5～9.0 MPa下的1.072 L反应釜内,采用定容法,通过反应引起的温度和压力变化,研究了GHI1对天然气水合物形成的抑制性能,比较了不添加抑制剂、添加商用抑制剂Inhibex501、添加GHI1以及Inhibex157后的水合物大量生成时的温度变化,并分析了添加Inhibex501和GHI1后水合物大量生成时的时间,探讨了组合抑制剂的抑制机理.研究结果表明:在天然气和水的反应体系中添加质量分数w为0.5%的GHI1后,天然气水合物生成的平均引导时间为4 800 min,不添加抑制剂几乎没有引导时间,添加w为0.5%的Inhibex501后,水合物生成的平均引导时间为2 100 min,只添加W为0.5%的Inhibex157,平均引导时间为650 min;机理分析认为GHI1中的Inhibex157主要阻止天然气分子进入水合物笼,而二乙二醇丁醚则阻止水分子进一步形成水合物笼.     

基于层次分析法的抑制相变材料过冷度方法体系优选

应用层次分析法,构建优选抑制相变材料过冷度方法的3层指标体系,建立层次模型,得到成核剂粒径、成核剂浓度等7项评价指标的量化权重与贡献率。研究结果表明:低温与常温下各因素抑制过冷度的影响排名顺序基本一致,低温环境下成核剂粒径、超声波频率与时间、搅拌动力与时间对抑制过冷度贡献率合计达83.35%,设计低温环境使用的相变蓄能材料时,应优先综合考虑成核剂、超声波、搅拌等要素;成核剂粒径、超声波频率与时间对抑制过冷的贡献率合计超过80%,设计常温环境用的相变蓄能材料时,应优选成核剂、超声波等外场因素,在经济性和可操作性允许的条件下再考虑其他措施。     

多壁碳纳米管对水冻结过冷度影响的试验研究

无机相变材料在冻结相变过程中普遍存在着过冷现象,限制其应用和发展.针对水过冷问题,试验研究多壁碳纳米管对水冻结相变过冷度的影响,试验给出了纯水和多壁碳纳米管/水系统在水冻结过程中的温度变化特征,重点分析多壁碳纳米管的添加比对水冻结过冷度的影响.试验结果表明,多壁碳纳米管的加入可显著地降低水体冻结过冷度,并且随着添加比例的增加,水体冻结的过冷度将获得进一步的降低,有效地缩短了水冻结相变时间.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.