黄土的损伤及其演化规律研究

Q3黄土的应变软化特性可以用含损伤的本构方程来描述,结构性黄土的损伤变量及损伤演化规律的合理确定,对于正确判定黄土的结构损伤程度是十分重要的.试验研究表明,Q3黄土的损伤是受应力状态控制的,在简单加载条件下,导致损伤产生的应力门槛值随着含水量增加而线性减小,由刚度损伤和应力损伤假设所导出的损伤演化方程是一致的,它们都随着轴向应变的增加而增加.复杂应力条件下的黄土损伤演化方程的表现形式与简单加载条件下的完全相同,区别只是在于损伤参量的影响因素不同.按损伤理论计算的应力应变关系与试验值的对比说明,试验所推导的损伤变量表达式能较好的反映黄土应力损伤的特性.     

初始损伤对脆性岩石抗压力学性质的影响

基于现有各向同性损伤本构理论,提出岩石初始损伤定义及其计算方法。初始损伤表示为加载前的损伤岩石弹性模量相对无损岩石弹性模量的劣化程度。对不同初始损伤的玄武岩试样进行单轴抗压试验,定量分析初始损伤对玄武岩的应力与应变关系、强度、破坏应变、初始泊松比和应变软化性质等的影响,给出单轴抗压强度、初始泊松比等力学参数随初始损伤变量变化的规律及拟合公式。研究结果表明:只有当岩石初始损伤超过损伤门槛值即无损岩石破坏时对应的损伤值时,岩石抗压强度随初始损伤增大而显著减小;与峰值应力对应的应变随初始损伤增大而近似呈线性增大趋势;岩石初始泊松比随初始损伤增大近似呈指数增大;初始损伤越小,应力峰值后的岩石破坏越显脆性。     

结构性Q2,Q3黄土的力学特性对比研究

通过时Q2和Q3黄土的单轴压缩和常规三轴试验研究，对两种黄土单轴压缩曲线和CU剪切的应力应变曲线特征进行分析比较，探讨了两种黄土应力应变本构模型。研究表明：强软化型Q2黄土应力应变关系，可采用强软化型模型进行描述，并对其模型参数进行了分析；弱软化-硬化型Q3黄土应力应变关系可用两参数的指数模型描述，也可用强软化性模型描述。     

Q2黄土统计损伤本构模型

利用黄土微元强度服从Weibull随机分布的特点,引进Drucker-Prager破坏准则作为黄土微元强度分布参量,基于Q2黄土三轴应力-应变试验曲线,同时考虑了损伤门槛值的影响,建立了反映Q2黄土损伤全过程的损伤软化本构模型.在此基础上,探讨了Q2黄土损伤软化模型参数与围压和黄土含水量的关系,对其参数进行了合理修正,从而建立了更加符合实际的黄土损伤软化本构模型,并与试验结果进行对比分析,结果显示该模型的合理性,表明该模型具有广泛的工程应用前景.     

超临界CO2吸附诱发煤力学性质劣化的双重损伤效应分析

将CO_2注入到深部不可采煤层中提高煤层气采收率和CO_2长期地质封存,CO_2吸附将会诱使煤微观结构及力学性质发生显著改变。深部煤层赋存环境下CO_2将会相变为超临界CO_2,诱发煤微观结构发生更大程度改变,强度和变形特性变化更显著。大量实验结果表明,不同压力下的饱和CO_2煤样强度和弹性模量发生不同程度的劣化,煤样峰值强度和峰值应变演化不协调。基于此,引入双重损伤本构关系用以描述超临界CO_2吸附诱发煤强度和变形特性变化,并构建了裂隙中游离CO_2流体的有效应力和吸附诱发的膨胀应力耦合分析模型。通过对比验证,数值模拟结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。数值模拟结果表明,饱和CO_2压力越大诱发的煤损伤越大;特别是,超临界CO_2诱发煤单轴抗压强度和弹性模量劣化更显著。     

西安地区Q2黄土应力-应变-时间关系的试验研究

为了研究黄土地区许多工程现象的本质原因,探讨应力—应变—时间的关系,对西安地区Q2黄土在改造后的固结仪上进行了单轴无侧限蠕变试验。加载方式为分级加载,通过使用坐标平移法处理蠕变曲线后得到应力—应变等时曲线。研究发现Q2黄土在不同的应力水平下表现出不同的蠕变形态,应力—应变等时曲线上有一较明显的拐点,拐点对应的应力即为屈服应力,屈服应力随着含水率的增加而呈指数降低,当应力水平小于屈服应力时,黄土表现为线性粘弹性特性;当应力水平大于屈服应力时,黄土表现为线性粘塑性特性。     

硫酸盐侵蚀后水泥砂浆力学性能变化

通过进行对不同水灰比、不同硫酸盐侵蚀时期的砂浆进行单轴压缩试验,获得其应力应变全过程的关系曲线。试验结果表明:随侵蚀的进行,砂浆的峰值应力经历一个先增大后降低的过程,强度增大过程随水灰比而变化,水灰比越大,增大期越早。在试验的基础上,利用分段曲线损伤模型对砂浆单轴受压损伤演化进行了描述,该模型能反映砂浆单轴损伤演化规律,所拟合的损伤演化曲线符合砂浆损伤的两阶段特点。     

兰州原状Q2黄土剪切试验研究

为了研究黄土脆性破坏规律,利用直剪仪对兰州原状Q2黄土进行了不同含水量、不同剪切速率和不同法向压力下直接剪切试验.结果表明同一法向压力下黄土应力脆性指数随含水量的增大而不断减小,随剪切速率的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,应力脆性指数与法向压力间的关系符合负指数函数关系.研究成果对于认识黄土结构强度和高速远程黄土滑坡滑动机理等方面均具有一定的借鉴意义.     

混凝土单轴受压全过程变异性试验研究

为了研究混凝土在单轴受压作用下的全过程受力特征,通过对强度等级为C30~C60的60个混凝土棱柱体试件进行单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验,得到了单轴受压作用下混凝土峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量和应力-应变全曲线的统计特征.根据混凝土结构设计规范(GB50010—2010)中的混凝土峰值强度变异系数,利用概率密度演化方法,获得了混凝土应力均值曲线和应力标准差曲线.通过与试验结果进行对比,认为仅用峰值强度的变异系数不足以描述混凝土应力-应变全过程的随机性,建议给出标准差曲线.     

深埋隧洞饱和原状Q2黄土三轴剪切特性试验

为进一步探讨饱和原状Q₂黄土在三轴应力状态下的变形、孔隙水压力变化以及强度特性,利用GDS多功能三轴仪,对甘肃引洮输水工程15^#隧洞原状黄土进行了常规三轴不排水剪切试验.通过对试验数据的整理与分析发现:在常规三轴不排水剪切试验下,原状Q₂黄土的应力-应变曲线呈应变软化型,表现为脆性破坏;随着围压的增大,曲线的软化性状减弱;在土的峰值强度出现前,变形几乎近似"弹性".土在剪切过程中产生正孔隙水压力,曲线在低围压下具有峰值压力,变化似软化型;在高围压下孔隙水压力随着轴向应变的增加而增大.随着围压的增大,原状Q₂黄土的破坏应力随之提高,有效应力路径曲线形态呈相似的直线形.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.