水体泥沙污染物起动再悬浮释放的物理过程和影响因素

水流流动、泥沙运动与污染物迁移转化之间存在较强的相互作用,形成了一个彼此紧密联系的综合环境系统.复杂水动力条件使得沉积底泥和悬浮泥沙对水环境的影响体现为一种动态耦合的综合效应.采用室内水槽实验研究了污染物通过底泥的静态扩散释放、泥沙起动再悬浮释放以及随悬浮泥沙的紊动释放3种主要方式进入水体的物理过程.结果表明,底泥沉积物可以依据颗粒特征分为泥质和沙质两种不同的底质;颗粒粒径、孔隙率和初始污染物浓度是决定底泥-水界面污染物静态释放特性的主要因素,并由此建立了沉积物中污染物总量的衰减公式,其衰减时间与污染层厚度、密度以及污染物分配系数正相关.泥沙污染物起动再悬浮释放过程大致上可以分为起动初期,悬浮沉降交替期和悬浮沉降平衡期3个阶段,在后两个阶段水体中污染物固液分配比值先增加后减小.基于质量守恒推导了底泥再悬浮污染物释放量的经验公式,和实验结果对比表明污染物的吸附解吸性质一定程度缓解了其释放的速率.水体中污染物的浓度分布和水流流速分布以及悬浮泥沙浓度分布密切相关,呈现出一致的变化规律.泥沙污染物的分布随着流速的增加在水体垂向上差异也变大,而水体的含沙量越大,泥沙污染物的分布反而越趋向于均匀.     

泉州安海湾海域沉积物污染及防治措施初探

通过安海湾海域底质的现状分析,安海湾海域沉积物质量湾外比湾内好,湾内除了有机质以及大部分测点的石油类未超标外,铬、锌、铜、硫化物均已超标.湾口及湾外除个别站位锌超标外,其余均满足沉积物要求.安海湾海域底质超标的石油类污染,主要治理措施是控制海上污染源排放和加强海上管理;海域底质重金属污染,主要是通过生物吸附法、化学沉淀法和离子交换法来去除污水中的重金属离子.同时需加大政府职能,利用管理、监督等对策,使安海湾海域的污染程度降到最低.     

环钦州湾河流入海污染物通量及其对海水生态环境的影响

利用2001至2010年监测结果和统计资料,研究环钦州湾近10年河流主要污染物人海通量变化特征,分析污染物人海通量变化与钦州市人口和地区生产总值（GDP）之间的关系,探讨近10年来环钦州湾污染物人海通量变化的原因及其对钦州湾水质和生态环境的影响效应。结果表明,河流输入是钦州湾人海污染源的最主要部分,人海污染物以有机物（COD）和营养盐为主。钦江和茅岭江输入的总污染物通量在前5年变化较大而后5年相对平稳;有机物通量与总污染物通量的变化特征一致;营养盐通量在近10年中显示出增加的趋势。钦州湾周边地区的社会经济快速发展以及近年来环境保护政策和措施的综合作用是河流污染物通量变化的主要原因。近10年河流营养盐入海通量持续增加,引起海湾营养盐的增加及富营养化程度的加重,最终导致钦州湾赤潮的风险增加以及浮游植物群落结构和多样性的变化,影响着海湾的生态系统健康。     

生物法净化几种气态污染物的研究

应用生物膜填料塔对工业废气中常见的甲苯、苯乙烯、甲醛、CS２,SO２,H２S,NOx等７种气态污染 物进行净化实验,结果表明,采用专用菌种挂膜制作的生物膜填料塔对该７种气态污染物均有生物净化作用, 但其对SO２,H２S,NOx等３种无机污染物的生物净化作用（生化去除量可达９０～１５０mg桙L·h）明显优于对甲苯、 苯乙烯、甲醛、二硫化碳等４种有机污染物的净化作用（生化去除量除对甲苯的可达１００mg桙L·h外,均低于３０ mg桙L·h）。研究确定了净化各污染物的适宜操作条件,并对７个专用菌种进行了鉴定。     

长江口崇明东滩冬季沉积物水界面营养盐通量

对长江口崇明东滩冬季沉积物中营养盐早期成岩过程和沉积物 水界面营养盐通量及其影响因素进行了研究.其中,高潮滩对各项营养盐均有显著吸收,中潮滩主要表现为对TIN和SiO2-3的释放,低潮滩由于受到局部水动力作用影响,营养盐通量存在较大不确定性.分子扩散作用对沉积物 水界面营养盐通量的贡献不大.由于潮滩对于水体PO3-4浓度的影响能力高于对TIN和SiO2-3的影响能力,潮滩能够在一定程度上促进水体中N/P和Si/P比的增加.     

纳滤去除地表水中微污染物生产饮用水

为了研究纳滤去除某市河水中微污染物生产饮用水的可行性,并筛选生产饮用水的最佳纳滤膜,采用四种纳滤膜DESAL 51 HL、DESAL 5 DL、UTC-20和UTC-60处理河水,研究其去除COD、UV254吸收值以及硝酸盐等微污染物效率,考察纳滤过程中水通量变化.试验结果表明,四种膜对COD和具254nm吸收值的有机物去除率在50%～95%之间,UTC-20去除有机物效率最高.DESAL 51 HL、DESAL 5 DL和UTC 60对无机物截留率在22%～65%之间,而UTC-20达到93%.UTC-20对不同原水中硝酸盐的去除率均大于70%.在短时间纳滤实验中,存在着不可逆的水通量减少,有轻度膜污染发生.结论UTC-20适用于处理有机污染和硝酸盐复合污染的地表水源生产饮用水.     

三门湾海域环境质量现状评价及其年际变化

三门湾是浙江省重点养殖海湾之一,沿岸海域环境污染和养殖业自身污染对浅海养殖业已造成严重威胁。本文根据2015-2016年对三门湾海域的环境质量调查结果,结合海洋环境功能区划对该海域环境质量现状进行了评价与分析;对海水的富营养化程度,沉积物中重金属的富集程度及潜在的生态危害效应进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)该海域水质除了无机氮、活性磷酸盐、pH和COD部分超标外,其他环境因子符合功能区相应的海水水质标准;(2)该海域沉积物的重金属含量均达标,底质环境状况良好;(3)三门湾海域各季节富营养化指数大于1,表明该海区富营养化程度较高;(4)各个季节潜在生态危害系数均远小于150,说明三门湾海域沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害属于轻微危害范围。海水富营养化成因较为复杂,后续还需进行综合调查分析。     

空气净化器适用面积指标的理论分析

针对国外空气净化器标准中的适用面积指标及我国的相关研究现状,指出了现有适用面积算法仅考虑颗粒物去除的不合理性,探究了室内颗粒物与气态污染物源的不同特点,利用质平衡模型提出了新的去除气态污染物的适用面积计算方法,并以去除甲醛的适用面积为例与颗粒物进行对比.结果表明:空气净化器去除甲醛的CADR值不及颗粒物CADR值的35%,,导致空气净化器针对气态污染物的适用面积远小于颗粒物的适用面积.上述结果说明将去除气态污染物的空气净化器用于颗粒物的适用面积房间,会使空气因空气净化器净化效力不足而不能达标.     

全氟辛酸在松花江水体多介质环境中迁移、归趋和风险研究

为探究全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)在松花江水体多介质环境中的迁移和归趋行为,评估其在松花江水体的环境风险,采用Ⅲ级逸度模型模拟估算了松花江流域大气、江水、颗粒物和沉积物中PFOA的含量及其分布规律,计算了PFOA在不同环境介质的迁移通量,采用风险特征比率法评估了PFOA在松花江水体的环境风险.结果表明:PFOA在松花江流域大气、江水、颗粒物、沉积物中的模拟含量分别为1496.03 pg/m3,0.0103 ng/L,15.27μg/kg,19.98μg/kg,PFOA几乎全部进入了颗粒物和沉积物中.PFOA由江水向悬浮颗粒物的迁移、沉积物向江水的迁移分别占相间总迁移通量的84.63％ 和15.12％,为PFOA的主要相迁移路径.由估算结果计算的水和沉积物的风险特征比率(risk characteristic ratios)均远小于1,表明PFOA对松花江水生生物的危害概率较低.     

生物扰动对海洋沉积物中有机污染物环境行为的影响

概述了不同功能类群底栖动物的生物扰动行为,介绍了生物扰动作用下沉积物颗粒迁移、混合的特点,以及由此促进沉积物中有机污染物的释放.生物扰动作用改变了沉积环境理化性质,因此提高了其中有机污染物的生物可利用性.展望中提出在生物扰动作用对沉积物中有机污染物环境行为影响研究中应考虑其生物毒性的变化.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.