含油污泥资源化制备钻井液用封堵防塌剂与应用

以含油污泥为原料,通过沥青化和乳化分散等工艺制备封堵防塌剂SD-AS,其软化点在50~120℃可调,油溶率超过50%;采用砂盘封堵评价实验、扫描电镜测试、压力传递实验以及接触角测试等实验手段,综合评价封堵防塌剂SD-AS的性能,探讨其作用机制;以可变形封堵防塌剂SD-AS为主要处理剂,构建强化封堵防塌水基钻井液体系配方。结果表明:封堵防塌剂SD-AS主要通过化学吸附、油溶性变形粒子物理封堵、阻缓压力传递以及降低泥页岩表面的亲水性等作用,实现有效的封堵防塌作用;强化封堵防塌水基钻井液体系成功应用于准噶尔盆地山前构造带的钻井施工,复杂易塌地层井径扩大率平均仅为6.78%。     

天环坳陷页岩气井井壁失稳机理及防塌钻井液技术研究与应用

针对天环坳陷构造区块泥页岩地层井壁失稳问题,通过复杂地层矿物组成、微观构造、理化性质以及三轴应力实验综合分析,提出了“封堵+润滑”的双效协同井壁防塌对策。泥页岩微裂缝、微孔隙发育,地层岩样易水化膨胀以及岩心表面亲水性较差是造成井壁失稳最主要的原因。通过加强地层封堵能力和降低水平段摩阻,可达到稳定井壁的目的。所构建的THFT高效防塌钻井液体系抗NaCl能力为10%,抗CaCl2能力为1.0%,抗劣土能力为10%,回收率为99.6%,对80-100目砂床侵入深度为8.4mm,较现场水基钻井液渗透性封堵性能有明显提升,能够封住200μm和400μm模拟裂缝,承压能力达到5MPa,抑制水化分散能力和裂缝性封堵能力优良。现场应用过程中,水平段的平均井径扩大率低于6%,平均钻速达到4.7m/h,钻井液体系的静滤失量控制在5mL以下,在润滑防塌、井眼净化及储层保护方面都起到了很好的效果。研究结果表明,THFT防塌钻井液体系有效解决了天环坳陷构造区块钻井过程中出现的井壁失稳问题,节约了钻井成本,具有较好的推广前景。     

聚胺高性能水基钻井液特性评价及应用

根据泥页岩水化特点和多元协同抑制思路,构建了聚胺高性能水基钻井液。介绍了该体系的关键处理剂聚胺页岩抑制剂、包被抑制剂、铝盐封堵防塌剂和清洁润滑剂。通过屈曲硬度实验和粘结实验对比评价了聚胺高性能水基钻井液与几种典型防塌钻井液的性能。结果表明,聚胺页岩抑制剂能在低浓度下最大限度降低黏土水化层间距,有效抑制黏土水化膨胀。聚胺页岩抑制剂与铝盐封堵防塌剂复配后能显著阻缓孔隙压力传递。聚胺高性能水基钻井液抑制性和清洁润滑性突出,与油基钻井液接近。聚胺高性能水基钻井液在胜利油田田305区块进行了成功应用,解决了该区块泥页岩井壁失稳问题。     

沾18-支平1井钻井液完井液技术

针对大井眼分支水平井钻井液要具有很强的悬浮携带能力、防塌、润滑性能和流变性能,采用纳米聚合醇防塌润滑钻井液体系。该体系以纳米乳液、无水聚合醇为主要处理剂,封堵防塌剂、抗复合盐降滤失剂为辅助处理剂。现场应用表明：纳米乳液、无水聚合醇在钻井液中加量分别为3%时,具有良好的润滑性、抑制性和防塌性能,良好的悬浮、携岩能力和流变性能;该体系性能稳定,API滤失量可控制在3mL以下,3.5MPa、120℃下的滤失量小于12mL,钻井液摩阻系数为0.02～0.03,摩阻扭矩小,井壁稳定,大井眼斜井段、多分支水平井段起下钻顺利,储层机械钻速15.05m/h;主井眼下入滤砂管、分支井眼裸眼充填MEG完井液保护油气层。该井正式投产日产油50吨,达到普通稠油热采水平井的2至3倍。     

准噶尔盆地中部2区块钻井液研发及应用

通过分析准噶尔盆地中部2区块钻井液技术难点,研发了铝胺抑制防塌钻井液体系．该体系抑制性强,封堵性能好．该钻井液在中部2区块重点探井成3井进行了现场应用,取得了良好的应用效果,解决了上部地层软泥岩易造浆、二开长裸眼井壁稳定及侏罗纪煤层的坍塌问题,施工中井壁稳定,井身质量良好,满足了勘探开发的需求,全井平均机械钻速为7．68m/h ,施工效率有显著提高．     

硅酸盐钻井液防塌机理研究与应用

利用Zetasizer3000电位-粒度仪、Turbiscan红外分散稳定仪、Novasina活度仪以及SHM泥页岩水化-力学耦合模拟实验装置等先进的实验仪器和研究手段,对硅酸盐钻井液防塌作用机理进行了深入研究,并开发了一套硅酸盐钻井液配方.研究结果表明,5%硅酸盐水溶液的粒度分布较窄,协同使用的无机盐最佳加量为3%,且受硅酸盐模数和pH值影响较大;硅酸盐胶体溶液zeta电位为-41.0～-31.0 mV时,对泥岩钻屑分散体系具有很强的稳定作用;硅酸盐与泥页岩作用可以形成致密的"隔膜",具有较理想的阻缓滤液侵入和压力传递作用.现场试验表明,该配方流变性合理、抑制性强,达到了稳定井壁的预期目的.     

盐227非常规区块水平井钻井液技术

针对盐227区块地层岩性及非常规水平井钻井液技术难点,优选铝胺强抑制润滑防塌钻井液体系,该体系抑制性及封堵性好、润滑能力强,在盐227区块进行了现场应用,配合相应的维护处理工艺,解决了大位移井段井壁稳定、井眼净化及润滑防卡的难题,为加快该区块开发进程奠定了基础.     

页岩气地层纳微米孔隙结构特征及封堵实验评价

目前水平井段井壁失稳是制约页岩气资源钻探开发进程的主要技术难题之一。针对上述技术难题,采用低压氮气吸附与高压压汞实验,分析了硬脆性页岩的微纳米孔隙结构特征,探讨了微纳米孔隙结构特征对页岩气地层井壁稳定性的影响。利用压力传递实验,开展了页岩微纳米尺度裂缝封堵评价实验。研究表明,页岩气地层的井壁失稳与其自身的微纳米孔隙结构特征具有密切关系,微纳米尺度裂缝发育是导致页岩气地层井壁失稳的内在主要因素;在此基础上,提出了页岩气协同稳定井壁钻井液技术对策,其中强化封堵页岩微纳米尺度裂缝是解决页岩气地层井壁失稳的关键技术措施。进一步优选了新型微纳米封堵剂,其粒径在80~200 nm之间呈"单峰"分布,能够有效封堵页岩微纳米尺度裂缝,阻缓压力传递与滤液侵入,增强裂缝性页岩井壁稳定性。     

硅酸盐钻井液防塌机理研究与应用

利用Zetasizer3000电位-粒度仪、Turbiscan红外分散稳定仪、Novasina活度仪以及SHM泥页岩水化-力学耦合模拟实验装置等先进的实验仪器和研究手段，对硅酸盐钻井液防塌作用机理进行了深入研究，并开发了一套硅酸盐钻井液配方。研究结果表明，5%硅酸盐水溶液的粒度分布较窄，协同使用的无机盐最佳加量为3%，且受硅酸盐模数和pH值影响较大;硅酸盐胶体溶液zeta电位为-41.0～-31.0 mV时，对泥岩钻屑分散体系具有很强的稳定作用;硅酸盐与泥页岩作用可以形成致密的“隔膜”，具有较理想的阻缓滤液侵入和压力传递作用。现场试验表明，该配方流变性合理、抑制性强，达到了稳定井壁的预期目的。     

新型有机硅聚合物抑制封堵剂性能及作用机制

以γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)为单体,合成一种抗温达200℃的兼具抑制和封堵性能的有机硅处理剂ADKN,能够有效防止井壁坍塌。结果表明:ADKN可以通过在泥页岩表面发生强烈的物理化学吸附作用,形成一层致密的吸附膜,有效抑制泥页岩水化膨胀与分散,阻止压力传递,保持井壁泥页岩抗压强度,从而起到井壁防塌作用;该抑制封堵剂与其他水基钻井液处理剂配伍性好,具有一定的增黏效果和显著的降滤失作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.