油基钻井液流变参数影响因素探讨

测试不同油基钻井液体系不同温度下的流变参数,并对其在不同温度下的流变模式进行拟合。实验结果表明,以5号白油为基础油配制的不同油基钻井液体系在4~65℃内都属于赫巴流变模式。采用正交设计和极差分析的方法研究了钻井液各组分对钻井液赫巴模式3参数的影响程度。结果表明,相对于其他因素,油水比对赫巴模式3参数的影响幅度最大,相同测试温度下,油水比越低,体系的动切力越大,流性指数越小,稠度指数越大。油水比对体系动切力的影响幅度随温度增加而降低,对流性指数的影响幅度随温度升高而增加,而对体系稠度系数的影响随温度升高变化不大。温度越高,钻井液体系的动切力和稠度指数越小。     

高渗透水泥浆高温高压流变性研究

随着油气开采难度的增大，对固井质量和固井水泥浆添加剂的要求越来越高，需要研制开发出新型高渗透水泥浆体系。借助美国产Fann50流变仪，研究了温度和压力对高渗透水泥浆流变性的影响，并与常规水泥浆进行了对比。分析结果表明，一定压力下，高渗透水泥浆的动切力、表观粘度随温度的升高而逐渐降低，流性指数减小；一定温度下，压力对高渗透水泥浆体系流变参数的影响不如温度明显：高渗透水泥浆比常规水泥浆体系具有更好的热稳定性。运用宾汉、幂律、卡森、赫切尔-巴尔克莱(H-B)、带剪切稀释系数等5种模式对实验数据进行了拟合分析，结果表明，H-B模式是描述高渗透水泥浆高温高压流变性的最佳模式。     

高渗透水泥浆高温高压流变性研究

随着油气开采难度的增大,对固井质量和固井水泥浆添加剂的要求越来越高,需要研制开发出新型高渗透水泥浆体系。借助美国产Fann50流变仪,研究了温度和压力对高渗透水泥浆流变性的影响,并与常规水泥浆进行了对比。分析结果表明,一定压力下,高渗透水泥浆的动切力、表观粘度随温度的升高而逐渐降低,流性指数减小;一定温度下,压力对高渗透水泥浆体系流变参数的影响不如温度明显。高渗透水泥浆比常规水泥浆体系具有更好的热稳定性。运用宾汉、幂律、卡森、赫切尔巴尔克莱(H B)、带剪切稀释系数等5种模式对实验数据进行了拟合分析,结果表明,H B模式是描述高渗透水泥浆高温高压流变性的最佳模式。     

聚合物驱垂直井筒流动和视粘度模型

与常规油井相比，聚合物驱抽油机井因其产出液粘度明显增大导致抽油杆受力状况变差，杆管偏磨现象严重。通过实验对聚合物产出液的流变特性进行了研究。考虑油井举升过程，利用幂律模式绘制了幂律指数与稠度系数随聚合物浓度、温度变化的关系图版。以非牛顿流体流变学理论和人工举升理论为基础，按照不同的流动规律，给出了从地层到井口聚合物驱垂直井筒流动的运动方程及其边界条件，并对方程进行求解得到了视粘度模型。应用结果表明，该模型能够提高设计结果的误差精度，为聚合物驱抽油机井的优化设计提供理论指导。     

温度对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/油酸钠混合体系流变性的影响

考察了２０～４５℃温度范围内,两种不同分子量水解聚丙烯酰胺／油酸钠混合体系的流变性质．结果表明,混合体系的ηａ和Ｋ值随温度升高而减小,但在所研究的范围内,混合体系的ｌｎηａ～１／Ｔ关系不能很好地服从Ａｎｄｒａｄｅ公式;混合体系的流型指数ｎ值基本不随温度而变化,但随油酸钠浓度增大而增大．这表明油酸钠的存在使聚合物溶液的非牛顿性减弱．     

固废基复合地聚合物的凝结时间与流变性能

试验研制了建筑废弃砖粉-高钙粉煤灰基复合地聚合物,并系统研究了其凝结时间与流变性能.结果表明:地聚合物凝结时间随着废弃砖粉掺量的增加而缩短,随水玻璃模数的增大而逐渐缩短,随水玻璃用量的增加而延长,随养护温度的升高而迅速缩短;利用Matlab对固废基复合地聚合物的流变曲线进行拟合,发现实测数据符合赫切尔-巴尔克莱流体本构关系;随废弃砖粉掺量的增大,复合地聚合物浆体的屈服应力和稠度系数均呈增大趋势,流变指数相应降低.     

超高温钻井液的高温流变性研究

考察了高温高压条件下超高温水基钻井液的流变性能,以实验室研制的超高温钻井液为研究对象,用Fann50SL 型高温高压流变仪对钻井液的流变性能进行了测定,并利用回归分析方法对实验数据进行处理。实验结果表明,高压条件下,超高温钻井液的表观黏度和塑性黏度随温度的升高而降低,210 ℃后黏度随温度升高稍有增大。回归分析表明,高温高压条件下,超高温钻井液流变模式遵循着卡森模式。建立了预测井下高温高压条件下超高温钻井液表观黏度的数学模型。实验数据验证表明,利用该数学模型计算出的数值与实测值吻合度较高,为超高温钻井液的现场应用提供了计算依据。     

聚合物驱垂直井筒流动和视粘度模型

与常规油井相比,聚合物驱抽油机井因其产出液粘度明显增大导致抽油杆受力状况变差,杆管偏磨现象严重.通过实验对聚合物产出液的流变特性进行了研究.考虑油井举升过程,利用幂律模式绘制了幂律指数与稠度系数随聚合物浓度、温度变化的关系图版.以非牛顿流体流变学理论和人工举升理论为基础,按照不同的流动规律,给出了从地层到井口聚合物驱垂直井筒流动的运动方程及其边界条件,并对方程进行求解得到了视粘度模型.应用结果表明,该模型能够提高设计结果的误差精度,为聚合物驱抽油机井的优化设计提供理论指导.     

6063铝合金高温流变本构方程

采用圆柱试样在G1eeb1e—1500热模拟机上进行高温等温压缩实验，研究了6063铝合金在高温塑性变形过程中流变应力的变化规律．结果表明：应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响6063铝合金流变应力，流变应力随变形温度升高而降低，随应变速率提高而增大，在高应变速率下出现明显的动态软化．     

温度对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺／油酸钠混合体系流变性的影响

考察了２０￣４５℃温度范围内,两种不同分子量水解聚丙烯酰胺／油酸钠混合体系的流变性质。结果表明,混合体系的ηａ和Ｋ值随温度升高而减小,但在所研究的范围内,混合体系的ｌｎηａ￣１／Ｔ关系不能很好地服从Ａｎｄｒａｄｅ公式;混合体系的流型指数ｎ值基本不随温度而变化,但随油酸钠浓度增大而增大。这表明油酸钠的存在使聚合物溶液的非牛顿性减弱。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the