加氢催化剂酸性质研究

将溶剂法用于测定深色的加氢裂化和加氢处理催化剂的表面酸量及酸强度分布,并且用氨吸附-差热分析法进行了对照实验,发现两者有类似的酸强度分布曲线。用溶剂法考察了活性金属氧化物对催化剂酸性的影响,发现某些活性金属氧化物如NiO和WO_3自身没有强酸部位,却具有使无定形硅铝或含分子筛的酸性载体强酸量增加的能力。对照进行的吡啶吸附-红外光谱实验结果表明,活性金属氧化物使催化剂表面的Brosted酸量发生了与溶剂法所测得的强酸量有一定的相关关系的变化;用溶剂法测定了酸性组份(超稳Y型分子筛)含量不同的载体以及用这些载体制成的Ni-W催化剂的强酸量,发现溶剂法对试样酸性的变化反应灵敏。当载体含有45％(质量)超稳Y型分子筛时,加入Ni-W活性组份能使其强酸部位的增量达到最大。     

微孔分子筛对催化合成3-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚的影响研究

目的对微孔分子筛催化合成3-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚开展研究,探讨影响催化剂活性的主要因素,以期为工业化生产提供理论支撑。方法以HY,ReUSY,USY,LaY,ZMS-5,Hβ等微孔分子筛为催化剂进行性能评价,采用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、N_2物理吸附仪和化学吸附仪等表征方法对催化剂进行表征,并与催化剂活性数据进行关联。结果 Y型、Hβ分子筛具有较好的催化活性,其中USY催化剂具有较好的转化率,最高达到68.6%,ZSM-5具有最优选择性,最高接近100%。结论催化剂的活性主要受比表面积、孔道结构、酸密度及酸强度等的影响,比表面积及孔道结构决定原料的转化率高低,酸密度及酸强度等影响目标产物的选择性,强酸位的存在会导致深度脱烷基化的发生。     

缓和加氢裂化催化剂表面酸性对催化剂活性的影响

用浸渍法制备了两个系列的含分子筛催化剂,用溶剂法和吡啶吸附红外光谱法研究了催化剂表面酸性,并在连续微反装置上以正辛烷为原料,评价了催化剂活性。在此实验基础上,探讨了催化剂表面酸性和催化剂活性之间的关系。实验结果表明,催化剂中分子筛类型和含量影响催化剂表面总酸量、强酸量、L酸量以及B酸量。催化剂表面B酸中心是催化剂加氢裂化活性中心,催化剂表面L酸中心能提高催化剂的抗氮性能,因而可提高催化剂对含氮化合物原料的加氢裂化性能。     

Y型分子筛催化剂的表面酸性及其催化性能

利用吡啶吸附红外光谱（Py-IR）和X射线衍射法表征了磷钨酸（PW）、氢氧化铌改性分子筛的表面酸性和结构,用催化法脱除芳烃中微量烯烃的烷基化反应研究其酸催化性质。结果表明：催化剂的结构、表面酸含量和磷钨酸、氢氧化铌在催化剂中所占的比例,都显著地影响烷基化反应;Dawson结构的磷钨酸比Kiggen结构的磷钨酸具有较好的催化烷基化反应活性;随着磷钨酸含量的增加,催化剂B酸量先增加后减少,L酸量减少;随着氢氧化铌含量的增加,总B酸量和L酸量都减少,催化剂的活性随总B酸量与总L酸量比值的增加而提高;用磷酸或草酸处理氢氧化铌,总B酸量与总L酸量的比值增大,可进一步提高分子筛的活性和寿命。研究结果还表明：强B酸不利于脱烯烃反应。     

Au/CeNaY催化剂的制备、表征及其水汽变换反应性能

对Na Y分子筛进行Ce4+交换改性,获得Ce Na Y载体,继而负载Au制备一系列Au/Ce Na Y催化剂。采用电感耦合等离子光谱分析仪(ICP-OES)、N2物理吸附仪、X线衍射仪(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等方法对负载纳米Au催化剂进行表征,并考察催化剂的水汽变换反应活性。结果表明:随着载体中Ce4+含量增加,催化剂的Au负载量逐渐提高,比表面积和孔容显著下降,且纳米Au颗粒均匀地分散于分子筛载体上。Au/Ce Na Y比Au/Na Y具有更高的水汽变换反应活性,且Au/Ce Na Y催化剂的反应活性随载体中的Ce4+含量的增加而提高。在350℃时,Au/Na Y的反应活性为2.6 mol/(mol·h),而Au/Ce Na Y的反应活性高达33.2 mol/(mol·h)。     

用催化剂脱除芳烃中微量烯烃的研究

以分子筛为活性组分，与一定比例的载体混合后制成催化剂并评价了该类催化剂的活性和稳定性，用吡啶FT-IR测定了催化剂的表面酸性；同时探讨了催化剂表面酸性与催化剂活性之间的关系，发现催化剂的活性不仅与总酸量有关，还和B酸量与L酸量之比有关。当催化剂上B酸量与L酸量达到恰当比例时，催化剂的活性最好。     

钙铁镍钒对Y型分子筛影响概述

Y型分子筛在FCC催化剂中广泛应用,催化裂化原料油中常含有Ca、Fe、V、Ni,这些金属在反应过程中会沉积在催化剂表面,对催化剂的性能产生一定的影响。本文对Ca、Fe、V、Ni金属对Y型分子筛的结构影响进行了简述。     

苯酚烷基化反应的Y型分子筛催化剂研究

以Y型分子筛为固体酸催化剂,分别从催化剂的改性、制备因素和反应参数,对文题进行了研究。结果表明:在引入相同金属阳离子后。随着Na~+交换度的提高,总酸量减小,催化活性降低;当焙烧温度为550℃时,催化剂的总酸量、比表面积和催化活性均为最高;在常压、175℃、气体空速2000h~(-1)、叔丁醇/苯酚=1.2∶1(mol)条件下,苯酚转化率为69%,对叔丁基苯酚选择性达85%。     

分子筛型固体酸催化剂用于长直链烯烃和苯的烷基化反应

以分子筛型固体酸代替氢氟酸作催化剂,研究了长直链烯烃和苯的烷基化反应。对各种类型分子筛的研究表明:以金属阳离子交换的Y型分子筛为催化剂,在常压、苯/烯=8(摩尔比)、烯/剂=6(重量比)的条件下,反应0.5小时,烯烃的转化率可达97%以上,苯的单烷基化的选择性在90%以上。提高反应温度和压力可进一步提高烯烃的转化率,当反应温度150℃、压力2MPa、重量空速6h~(-1)时,烯烃转化率高于90%的时间可达100小时以上。     

碱处理NiY分子筛催化剂对乙炔羰基化反应合成丙烯酸甲酯的影响

乙炔羰基化合成丙烯酸甲酯的反应通常采用均相催化剂,针对此类反应均相催化剂与产品难以分离的问题,本文以Y型分子筛为载体,通过不同浓度氢氧化钠溶液处理和液相离子交换法制备一系列用于合成丙烯酸甲酯的改性Ni Y催化剂;运用N2低温吸附-脱附、NH3吸附程序升温脱附、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、X射线荧光分析、X射线衍射和吡啶吸附红外光谱对该催化剂进行表征分析。结果表明:经过碱溶液处理的该催化剂硅铝比稍有降低,其比表面积和孔体积随着碱溶液浓度的升高先增大后减小,催化剂Ni Y-0.1的比表面积和孔体积最大,且催化剂总酸量和L酸量明显减少。羰基化反应活性测试表明:碱溶液浓度为0.1 mol/L时,制得的催化剂Ni Y-0.1活性最高,最优条件下乙炔的转化率为84.5%,丙烯酸甲酯的选择性为82.3%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.