吉林省森林生态系统涵养水源功能时空变化特征

涵养水源是森林生态系统的重要功能之一,其维持区域水资源安全的作用十分明显,作为东北多条江河的发源地,在吉林省内此功能的作用更为重要.采用2006,2011和2013年吉林省森林资源数据和森林生态站及辅助观测样地的长期监测数据,对吉林省森林生态系统涵养水源功能进行时空动态研究.结果表明:1)吉林省森林生态系统的水源涵养功能在逐渐提升,2006,2011和2013年吉林省森林生态系统涵养水源量分别为175.06万m~3/a,185.14万m~3/a和197.28万m~3/a; 2)吉林省森林生态系统涵养水源功能呈现出东部中部西部的空间分布格局; 3)影响吉林省森林生态系统涵养水源功能时空格局的驱动因子为森林资源面积、森林资源质量、森林资源结构(起源和林龄)、气候因素和林业政策(尤其是林业生态工程).本研究能够为吉林省生态建设和林业政策的制定提供理论依据,继而使森林生态系统发挥更大的涵养水源作用.     

云和县森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估

云和县是浙江省的重要生态功能区,具有十分重要的水源涵养功能.以浙江省云和县2007年森林资源二类调查数据为基础,结合文献参数数据,运用综合蓄水能力法,估算云和县林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层3个不同作用层的水源涵养量,并对不同森林类型、林龄、立地条件下森林涵养水源功能以及空间分布进行对比分析.结果表明:1)2007年云和县森林生态系统总涵养水源量为7584.49×104 m3,其中94.18％来源于土壤层蓄水,4.19％来源于林冠截留降水,枯落物层枯落物层持水量占1.63％;2)各森林类型总涵养水源量大小依次为阔叶林＞松木林＞杉林＞经济林＞竹林＞灌木林,单位面积涵养水源量平均为908.49 t/hm2,大小依次为阔叶林＞竹林＞杉林＞松木林＞经济林＞灌木林;3)水源涵养林不同年龄组的贡献率为幼龄林(43.60％)＞中龄林(26.91％)＞近成熟林(22.27％)＞成熟林(6.93％)＞过熟林(0.29％);4)云和县森林生态系统的综合水源涵养能力呈现四周高、中间低的空间分布特征,与海拔的分布特点一致.     

江西大岗山森林生态系统水源涵养功能及其时空分布格局

根据大岗山1999年、2004年2次森林资源二类调查数据和大岗山森林生态站定位观测数据,采用区域水量平衡法和土壤蓄水功能评估了该地区的森林水源涵养功能及其时空分布格局。结果表明:2004年的大岗山森林水源涵养量为1401.10×104m3.a-1,单位面积水源涵养量为5913.81 m3.a-1hm2;1999年~2004年,大岗山森林生态系统年水源涵养量提高了3.9%,单位面积水源涵养量提高了2.9%;森林生态系统年水源涵养量竹林最高,马尾松林最低,其贡献率分别为37.8%和1.8%,单位面积水源涵养量硬叶林最高,杉木林最低;高丘和位于中坡位的森林水源涵养功能的贡献率最高,低山和山谷的贡献率最低;陡坡的水源涵养功能的贡献率最高,缓坡的贡献率最小,中龄林的水源涵养功能的贡献率最大,过熟林的贡献率最小。     

我国森林生态系统水量调节研究综述

森林水源涵养功能受到了越来越多人的关注.研究不同水文层水量调节过程对森林水源涵养具有重要意义.本文在总结我国不同尺度森林水源涵养研究的基础上指出目前研究的主要方向:小尺度上,通过野外监测实验研究森林水量调节过程;大尺度上,利用遥感、GIS技术及水源涵养评估模型等技术评估森林生态系统水源涵养功能.研究为明确森林植被各水文层的水文作用以及不同尺度下水文过程,开发基于物理过程的水文模型及评价森林生态系统的水量调节功能提供重要基础.     

托木尔峰自然保护区不同生态系统水源涵养价值评估

托木尔峰国家级自然保护区是我国少见的高山自然保护区之一,拥有南天山完整的7个垂直自然带谱,水源涵养功能强大,该保护区对其下游居民的生产生活产生极大的影响。本研究通过野外实地调查,同时结合以往收集的文献资料,估算了托木尔峰国家级自然保护区几类典型生态系统的水源涵养量及其水源涵养价值。研究发现保护区的3种典型生态系统的水源涵养量分别为:云杉林7.96×10~6m~3、灌木林81.76×10~6m~3、草地214.90×10~6m~3,其价值为:云杉林0.67×10~8元、灌木林6.90×10~8元、草地18.14×10~8元。土壤层在水源涵养量中所占的比例高达到89.98%,是水源涵养的主要作用层。云杉林生态系统在这3种典型生态系统中单位面积水源涵养能力最大,占比高达52.06%。草地生态系统在涵养水源过程中占据主导地位,其水源涵养量及其价值为最高,占生态系统涵养水源总价值的51.22%。     

重庆市歌乐山森林系统生态服务功能价值评估

采用机会成本法、市场价格替代法等手段对重庆歌乐山森林系统的固碳释氧,涵养水源,水土保持,净化空气等生态服务价值进行了初步估算.最后得出歌乐山森林生态系统总生态服务价值为2.3656亿元.明确了歌乐山森林系统具有巨大的生态服务价值及对重庆市区生态环境建设具有重要作用.     

哈尼稻作梯田系统森林雨季水源涵养能力研究——以勐龙河流域为例

哈尼稻作梯田系统是联合国粮农组织认定的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)之一.该系统成功抵御了2009~2010年,60年一遇的大旱,从而备受科学家的关注.哈尼梯田的森林生态系统作为重要的水源地,在抵抗极端干旱事件的过程中发挥了重要作用,因此对其森林生态系统水源涵养功能及其影响因素的研究具有重要意义.本文通过野外实验与室内分析相结合的方法对森林生态系统雨季的水源涵养功能进行了研究.研究结果表明:1同一林种,因为坡度、坡向、海拔高度、土壤质地和地表覆被等立地条件的不同,其不同土层重量含水量差异显著,且变化规律各异;2云南松、华山松、桤木、杂木和杉木的雨季水源涵养量分别为3053.48 t/hm2、5336.12 t/hm2、4537.65 t/hm2、6044.23 t/hm2和2899.02 t/hm2.本文通过对各优势树种水源涵养能力的研究,能够为水源涵养林树种的选择提供依据,并为有效保护哈尼稻作梯田系统提供科学基础.     

森林生态系统涵养水源功能经济价值测评方法研究

摘要:森林涵养蓄水价值量核算方法较多,包括土壤蓄水估算法、水量平衡核算法、多因子回归法和用地下径流增长法计算森林涵养水源的价值。但是这些方法存在一个问题,需要分别求出森林涵养水源的价值,然后进行合成。在合成过程中,可能存在信息叠加等问题,使计算结果偏离实际。为此,本文采用影子工程法来评价森林生态系统涵养水源功能的经济价值及其变化,该方法比要往评价方法更为全面,具有更强的针对性。此方法主要包括实物量测算和价值量测算两大模块。     

五马河流域森林生态系统服务价值评估

森林生态系统是最大的陆地生态系统,明确森林生态系统服务功能价值对其管理和发展有重要意义。运用影子工程法、市场价值法、费用分析法等价值评估方法,对2015年五马河流域森林生态系统涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护6项服务进行价值评估。结果显示:2015年五马河流域森林生态系统服务总价值为1. 32×109元/a,其中涵养水源价值最高,为5. 54×108元/a,积累营养物质的价值最低,为2. 06×107元/a。6项服务的价值排序:涵养水源价值固碳释氧价值生物多样性保护价值净化大气环境价值保育土壤价值积累营养物质价值。建议加强对森林生态系统的管理与调控,促进五马河流域整体生态系统服务总价值的增加。     

武夷山自然保护区森林生态服务功能价值评估

使用市场价格替代法、机会成本法和影子工程价格法等评估方法,对武夷山自然保护区森林涵养水源、保持土壤、净化空气、固碳制氧等服务功能进行初步估算.得出该地区森林生态系统的涵养水源价值为2.28亿元.a-1;保持土壤价值为0.76亿元.a-1;固碳制氧价值为2.20亿元.a-1;净化空气价值为1.76亿元.a-1.森林生态服务功能的总价值为7.04亿元.a-1.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.