紫荆种子成熟过程中种皮和胚乳超微结构观察

为探讨紫荆种子成熟过程中种皮结构和胚乳细胞内含物的变化,对不同成熟期紫荆种子的种皮和胚乳分别进行了扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察。扫描电镜观察发现:在紫荆种子发育初期,种皮表面出现孔状结构; 随着种子的逐渐成熟,种皮表面气孔消失,蜡质开始形成并逐渐加厚,种孔和种脐也逐渐开裂。从种皮的纵切面可以看出,种脐部位栅栏层形成较早,为单层细胞结构。花后105 d可观察到由种脐沿种子表面延伸的输水管道,花后135 d时,输水管道内出现由种脐沿种皮延伸至种子另一端的管胞群。种子发育成熟时,种子中间部位的种皮由外到内依次为角质层、栅栏层和薄壁细胞层,角质层主要由蜡质及其他覆盖物组成,栅栏层则由单层紧密排列的长柱状厚壁的大石细胞构成。角质层和栅栏层的这种结构可能是影响紫荆种子种皮透性进而引起休眠的原因之一。透射电镜观察发现:紫荆种子发育初期,胚乳细胞内存在大液泡,但脂滴与高电子致密物质数量较少。随着种子的不断成熟,线粒体、内质网、高尔基体等细胞器逐渐形成,胚乳中营养物质的代谢速度较快,之后这些细胞器又逐渐降解消融,脂滴和高电子致密物质则不断增加,说明随着种子的发育,胚乳内大分子贮藏物质不断积累,物质代谢活动降低,种子逐渐进入休眠期。     

加拿大紫荆种子硬实性解除及其吸水特性研究

【目的】加拿大紫荆种子具有硬实性,研究解除其硬实性的方法及吸水特性,揭示其种皮结构和吸水的关系可为种子休眠及种子生物学研究提供理论依据。【方法】以不同温度梯度(70~90 ℃)的热水处理加拿大紫荆种子,探究解除其硬实性的最适条件,采用凡士林密封法与苯胺蓝染色法分析种子的吸水特性,同时借助扫描电镜对种皮结构进行观察。【结果】加拿大紫荆种子的吸胀率随温度升高而提高,80 ℃和90 ℃处理均能有效解除种子硬实性,但90 ℃处理的种子生活力显著下降。种子的种脐处有明显的裂缝,热水处理后,裂缝中的胶状物质消失,裂缝更加明显。经观察种皮纵切面发现,大多数部位的种皮由3层结构组成,由外向内分别是角质层、栅栏层和厚壁细胞层。种脐区域除了上述3层结构,还具有明线、反栅栏层和维管束。热水处理后,种孔处的栅栏层和厚壁细胞层分离,形成一个小凸起。凡士林密封实验发现:浸种12 h后,种脐端的吸水量最大,显著高于密封另外2个部位的处理;浸种96 h后,种子中间部位开始缓慢吸水;浸种120 h时,子叶末端仍未吸水。苯胺蓝染色发现:种孔部位的凸起最先着色(2 h),之后种脐的裂缝(3 h)以及维管束通道也被染成蓝色(9 h);随着染色时间的延长,厚壁细胞层与栅栏层的分离区域扩大,角质层和栅栏层着色面积也相应扩大,但厚壁细胞等组织仍未被染色。染色36 h时,整个种皮以及胚乳被染成蓝色。【结论】采用80 ℃热水处理5 min是解除加拿大紫荆种子硬实性的最适条件,可使种子维持较高的生活力;种脐区域是早期吸水的主要部位;种孔是加拿大紫荆种子的最初吸水位点,随后水分沿厚壁细胞层与栅栏层的分离处以及维管束向子叶末端迁移。厚壁细胞等组织对种子的早期吸水有一定的影响。     

乌桕种子成熟过程中种皮和胚乳超微结构观察

为探讨乌桕种子成熟过程中种皮结构和胚乳内部营养物质的变化,进一步了解该种子休眠形成的机制,以不同采收期的乌桕种子为材料,分别对种皮和胚乳进行了扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察。结果表明:随着种子的不断成熟,种皮的厚度不断增加; 同一种子不同部位种皮的厚度不相同,胚根处、子叶端的种皮较其他部位厚,这可能是种子萌发时胚根难以突破种皮的主要原因。乌桕种皮坚硬革质化,由外到内依次为角质层、栅栏层、骨状石细胞层及薄壁组织层,栅栏层细胞排列紧密,这不仅增加了种皮的坚硬度,还可对种子与外界水、气交换造成影响; 乌桕种皮表面和内部均含有蜡质,其含量随着种子的成熟而增多,提高了种子对外界不良环境的抵御能力。透射电镜观察发现,在种子成熟前期,胚乳细胞中存在较多大液泡,各种细胞器结构完整,细胞中散布着一些较小的高电子致密物质。种子成熟过程中,水分含量不断降低,部分细胞器消融,细胞核因失水而缩小变形,脂滴逐渐消融,变成透明状,高电子致密物质大量累积、聚集,脂蛋白含量增加,同时淀粉转化成糖类物质,表明乌桕种子已完全成熟,进入休眠期。     

油用牡丹‘凤丹’种子层积过程中营养物质的代谢变化研究

【目的】探索低温层积不同阶段油用牡丹‘凤丹’种子种皮结构、胚形态以及营养物质、酶活性的动态变化,为其休眠解除以及促进萌发提供理论参考。【方法】以低温层积5个阶段的‘凤丹’种子为材料,用扫描电镜(SEM)和体视显微镜观察种皮结构、种胚形态的变化,测定各层积阶段种子大小、吸水率的变化,同时测定种子中粗脂肪、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉含量的变化以及过氧化物酶(POD)、酸性磷酸酶(APA)活性的变化,分析营养物质含量、酶活性与‘凤丹’种子休眠解除的关系。【结果】‘凤丹’种皮不存在吸水障碍,浸种96 h时,吸水率为54.2%,达到吸水平衡。层积30 d时,种子纵径由8.97 mm显著增加至10.44 mm,增加了16.4%;横径由6.42 mm显著增加至8.87 mm,增加了15.0%;之后种子大小增加缓慢。SEM观察结果表明:种皮主要由角质层、栅栏层和薄壁细胞层3层结构组成,成熟种子、种皮栅栏组织中长柱状细胞排列整齐紧密,但栅栏层、薄壁细胞层中很多细胞间有较小的空隙;层积30 d后,角质层内侧出现了明显的孔洞,栅栏层细胞排列较之前疏松,透性加大。成熟种子的胚较小,层积30 d后子叶略有膨大,下胚轴略有增粗;胚根突破种皮后子叶进一步增大,胚根、下胚轴明显伸长和增粗,但上胚轴仍需层积2个多月才能得以延伸。‘凤丹’种子含油率高,层积处理前种子中粗脂肪含量占种子鲜质量的32.3%,是胚乳中的主要贮藏物质。种子休眠解除过程中,其可溶性糖含量呈下降—上升—下降的变化趋势,而淀粉、可溶性蛋白和粗脂肪含量则一直呈下降趋势;层积过程中,POD和APA活性逐渐增强。【结论】‘凤丹’种皮不存在吸水障碍,透水性不是限制种子萌发的重要原因;成熟的种子胚极小,需在10 ℃条件下层积一段时间,使胚进一步分化发育完全,完成生理后熟作用;胚根突破种皮后仍存在上胚轴休眠现象,需在5 ℃下低温层积较长时间以解除其休眠;层积过程中随着酶活性的不断增强,贮藏物质逐渐被分解,为种子的各种代谢活动提供能量,且粗脂肪的分解与转化是此过程中的主要供能物质。‘凤丹’种子层积过程中其生理生化指标的变化与种胚形态变化呈现高度的一致性。     

华南五针松种皮发育研究

运用石蜡切片法,在透射电子显微镜和光学显微镜下观察华南五针松(Pinus kwangtungensis)种皮的形态结构和发育,用PAS反应显示细胞内淀粉粒分布,研究细胞内淀粉粒的含量.结果表明,华南五针松的种皮的发育开始在大孢子母细胞发育的时期,开始时在雌配子体的周围形成比较薄而且致密,颜色较深的几层;随着种子的不断发育,从种子的横切面可见,种皮可以明显分为外种皮,中种皮和内种皮三部分.这三部分种皮的形态结构各有不同:外种皮是几层扁平状硬化薄壁细胞;中种皮细胞较多,细胞层较厚,细胞较大,形状不规则,壁厚;内种皮细胞受到发育的胚的挤压,比较扁小,排列紧密.另外,PAS反应显示出,中种皮与内种皮所含的淀粉粒比较丰富,特别是在种子发育的初期,形成了一层富含淀粉粒的细胞层,这层细胞所含的淀粉粒随着种子的发育越来越少,这与种子发育过程需要分解淀粉粒为细胞分裂提供能量有关.     

国槐种皮的发育和结构

国槐的胚珠具有内外两层珠被，内珠被在种子发育前期退化消失，不参与种皮的形成，种皮仅由外珠被发育而成。种脐具两层栅栏细胞，种脐中央有种脐沟。本文还对槐种皮结构与透性的关系进行了讨论。     

青海五种柳属植物叶片的解剖特征研究

本文对青海巴毅克拉山、阿尼玛卿山产五种柳属植物的叶片进行了解剖学研究，结果表明：五种高山柳属植物的叶均为异面叶，具较厚的角质膜，上表皮角质膜一般较下表角质膜厚０．５－μｍ；栅栏组织较发达，一般由２－３层细胞构成；下表皮为双层细胞组成组成的复表皮，有异染色薄壁细胞构成的维管束鞘，维管束单个，维管速近轴面有５－６层的厚角细胞，远轴面也有多层的有细胞。     

武汉地区几种柑桔叶片抗寒性结构特征的研究

武汉地区抗寒性强的柑桔“华农本地早”、“华农国庆1号”、其叶片在扫描电镜下的结构特征是厚角质膜上腊质紧密均匀,气孔缝多被蜡质覆盖。上部栅栏组织和下部紧密组织发达,海绵组织的胞间隙小,为旱性结构强的特征。     

青钱柳种子的种皮构造及其对透水性的影响

通过青钱柳种子的形态解剖、种皮结构的电镜扫描、种皮的透水性等试验,对青钱柳种皮构造与种子休眠关系进行研究,以探讨青钱柳种子的休眠原因。结果表明,青钱柳种子种皮有3层,外种皮表面角质化,中种皮木栓质,内种皮木质而坚硬,这在一定程度上阻碍了胚与外界的水汽交换,影响种子的吸胀和萌发。种皮的透水性试验结果表明,浓硫酸处理后,种子能很快吸水膨胀。种子各部分的含水量测定结果表明,青钱柳完整种皮种子的胚能吸收到部分水分,因此,种皮的透水性可能不是引起青钱柳种子休眠的最主要因素。但是,青钱柳种子的这种种皮结构可能对胚的萌发特别是胚根的生长和伸长会产生严重的机械阻力。     

黄连营养器官解剖结构与其阴生环境相关性研究

通过石蜡切片法制片,光学显微镜观察,研究了黄连叶、根的形态解剖结构.结果表明:黄连叶为等面叶,表皮由1层排列紧密的表皮细胞构成,细胞外壁角质膜较薄,气孔只分布于下表皮;叶肉没有栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,叶脉不发达;根中导管数量少,孔径小,次生木质部不含射线.上述特征表明黄连为典型的阴地植物.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the