Identification of the BAL-labile factor

One of us has previously reported that treatment of the Keilin and Hartree heart-muscle preparation with 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), in the presence of air, leads to the complete inactivation of the succinate oxidase system with little if any effect on the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (until more than half the BAL was oxidized) or cytochrome c oxidase. The inactivation of the complete succinate oxidase system requires the oxidation of BAL by air in the presence of the enzyme. It is not caused by H2O2 or BAL disulphides produced during the oxidation of BAL. Spectroscopic studies identified the block as lying between cytochromes b and c. It was suggested that a BAL-labile factor is present which transfers electrons from cytochrome b to cytochrome c and which is destroyed by coupled oxidation with BAL. The factor is also required for NADH oxidation. Subsequent work showed it is not identical with cytochrome c1 (ref. 4), myoglobin present in the preparation or the antimycin-binding site. We report here that this factor is identical to the iron-sulphur protein in the central portion of the respiratory chain first identified by Rieske.     

植物激活蛋白对水稻秧苗生长及相关酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度激活蛋白对水稻秧苗生长以及对琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、淀粉酶和丙酮酸激酶(PK)的影响。结果表明,用1(μg·mL-1)、2(μg·mL-1)、6(μg·mL-1)植物激活蛋白处理水稻种子,能促进水稻秧苗的生长,尤其对根长的促进作用更明显。2(μg·mL-1)植物激活蛋白处理水稻种子能够提高水稻秧苗的琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、总淀粉酶、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性,5d后达最高值,分别比对照提高了67.1%、63.2%、378%。     

Structure of fumarate reductase from Wolinella succinogenes at 2.2 A resolution

Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalysed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase). Here we describe the crystal structure at 2.2 A resolution of the three protein subunits containing fumarate reductase from the anaerobic bacterium Wolinella succinogenes. Subunit A contains the site of fumarate reduction and a covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide prosthetic group. Subunit B contains three iron-sulphur centres. The menaquinol-oxidizing subunit C consists of five membrane-spanning, primarily helical segments and binds two haem b molecules. On the basis of the structure, we propose a pathway of electron transfer from the dihaem cytochrome b to the site of fumarate reduction and a mechanism of fumarate reduction. The relative orientations of the soluble and membrane-embedded subunits of succinate:quinone oxidoreductases appear to be unique.     

琥珀酸半醛还原酶AKR7A5的稳态动力学机理分析

琥珀酸半醛还原酶的抑制剂可作为缓解琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶缺陷病症状的潜在药物.酶抑制剂的研发要以酶的动力学性质为基础,但琥珀酸半醛还原酶的稳态动力学性质还不清楚.本文通过对琥珀酸半醛还原酶AKR7A5稳态动力学性质的分析,判断AKR7A5是按照有序的三元复合物反应机理催化反应;在此基础上,推导出琥珀酸半醛发生底物抑制是由于错误地与AKR7A5:NADP+二元复合物结合;底物的结构类似物琥珀酸体现出反竞争抑制剂的特点,只能与AKR7A5:NADP+二元复合物相互作用,暗示只有通过抑制剂、酶、NADP+复合物的方向入手,才能获得反竞争抑制剂与AKR7A5的复合物晶体结构.     

肝癌细胞能量代谢中三种酶活力的比较研究

对健康小鼠肝细胞，实验性肝癌小鼠肝细胞及肝癌实体瘤细胞中的琥珀酸脱氢酶，乳酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化活力进行测定，发现：１）与健康鼠肝细胞比较，肝癌细胞中琥珀酸脱氢比活力显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），乳酸脱氢酶，细胞色素氧化酶比活力显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。２）与正常肝细胞比较，荷瘤小鼠肝细胞中乳酸脱氢酶，细胞色素氧化酶比活力显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。琥珀酸脱氢酶比活力无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结果提示     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌D-乳酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

以肺炎克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae）基因组DNA为模板,应用PCR技术扩增并克隆出D-乳酸脱氢酶的基因（ldhD）,将其连接到表达载体pET-22b(+)质粒上,构建pET-22b(+)-ldhD重组质粒,测序结果100%正确。将重组质粒pET-22b(+)-ldhD转化到大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21(DE3)中,通过氨苄霉素抗性平板筛选,构建大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)-pET-22b(+)-ldhD基因工程菌。重组菌株经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳分析,目标条带出现在分子量约37000处,表明D-乳酸脱氢酶基因ldhD在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达。采用紫外分光光度法测定其酶活,底物丙酮酸终浓度为10mmol/L时,在丙酮酸还原为D-乳酸反应方向D-乳酸脱氢酶表现出119.04U/mL的酶活力;底物D-乳酸终浓度为50mmol/L时,在D-乳酸转化为丙酮酸的逆反应方向中表现出0.89U/mL的酶活力。比酶活则分别为9.16U/mg和 0.07U/mg。通过Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法,计算出酶反应的米氏常数K_M为10.54mmol/L。经摇瓶发酵后,通过高效液相色谱测定产物,D-乳酸的产量达到3.09g/L。     

间歇性低氧训练对有氧代谢能力的影响及其时效性研究

本实验通过对大鼠间歇性低氧训练(IHT)结束后不同时段的心肌指数和组织酶等指标进行测试,评定一定周期的IHT后,机体所形成的有效的、积极的适应性变化可持续的时间段。从实验可得出:(1)IHT对大鼠有氧代谢能力促进作用能保持约3-6d;(2)心肌和骨骼肌中的琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)在IHT后,活性显著提高,表明IHT可通过促进氧的利用能力来提高机体有氧代谢能力;(3)经IHT后,心肌指数亦有显著性上升,表明IHT可从氧的运输方面促进机体有氧代谢能力。     

Variable stoichiometry of proton pumping by the mitochondrial respiratory chain

The proton/oxygen stoichiometry and the mechanism of the proton pumping respiratory complexes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain have been central issues in bioenergetics for several years. Recently, a number of disagreements about stoichiometry have been resolved, and H+/O ratios of 6 (refs 1-3) or perhaps 8 (refs 4 and 5) for succinate oxidation are now accepted. Suggestions that the stoichiometry in mitochondria is intrinsically variable ('slip' in the pumps) have been made but the evidence has been neither strong nor direct. We now show by direct measurement in steady-state conditions that the H+/O ratio (measured as the charge/O ratio) for isolated mitochondria respiring on succinate varies from 6 at low membrane potential to 2.5-3 at membrane potentials of about 170 mV.     

Trichomonas hydrogenosomes contain the NADH dehydrogenase module of mitochondrial complex I

Hydrogenosomes are double-membraned ATP-producing and hydrogen-producing organelles of diverse anaerobic eukaryotes. In some versions of endosymbiotic theory they are suggested to be homologues of mitochondria, but alternative views suggest they arose from an anaerobic bacterium that was distinct from the mitochondrial endosymbiont. Here we show that the 51-kDa and 24-kDa subunits of the NADH dehydrogenase module in complex I, the first step in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, are active in hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis. Like mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase, the purified Trichomonas enzyme can reduce a variety of electron carriers including ubiquinone, but unlike the mitochondrial enzyme it can also reduce ferredoxin, the electron carrier used for hydrogen production. The presence of NADH dehydrogenase solves the long-standing conundrum of how hydrogenosomes regenerate NAD+ after malate oxidation. Phylogenetic analyses show that the Trichomonas 51-kDa homologue shares common ancestry with the mitochondrial enzyme. Recruitment of complex I subunits into a H2-producing pathway provides evidence that mitochondria and hydrogenosomes are aerobic and anaerobic homologues of the same endosymbiotically derived organelle.     

锁阳多糖对运动训练大鼠血清酶活性与尿蛋白含量的影响

探讨锁阳多糖(Cynomrium songaricum Rupr polysaccharide,CSRP)对运动训练大鼠骨骼肌、心、肝、肾等组织细胞及线粒体的保护作用,为CSRP在运动医学中的应用提供实验依据.采用分光光度法测定安静对照组、运动训练组和运动+CSRP组大鼠血清琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinatedehydrogenase,SDH)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、乳酸脱氢酶酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)活性和尿液总蛋白(total protein,TP)、尿液白蛋白(albumin,Alb)和尿液β2-微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin,β2-MC)含量等相关生物化学指标;跑台法测定运动训练组和运动+CSRP组大鼠运动至力竭的时间.结果表明:运动+CSRP组血清SDH、CK、LDH活性显著低于运动对照组(P<0.05),ALT、AST活性显著低于运动对照组(P<0.05),TP、Alb和β2-MC含量显著低于运动对照组(P<0.05);运动+锁阳多糖组大鼠运动至力竭的时间与运动对照组比较明显延长(P<0.05).表明CSRP可以降低血清SDH、CK、LDH、ALT、AST活性和TP、Alb和β2-MC含量,保护运动训练大鼠骨骼肌、心、肝、肾等不同组织细胞和线粒体的结构,维持其正常功能,可延长大鼠跑台运动至力竭时间,具有抗疲劳作用.     

Proton translocation by cytochrome c oxidase.

Cell respiration in mitochondria and some bacteria is catalysed by cytochrome c oxidase, which reduces O2 to water, coupled with translocation of four protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane. The enzyme's catalytic cycle consists of a reductive phase, in which the oxidized enzyme receives electrons from cytochrome c, and an oxidative phase, in which the reduced enzyme is oxidized by O2. Previous studies indicated that proton translocation is coupled energetically only to the oxidative phase, but this has been challenged. Here, with the purified enzyme inlaid in liposomes, we report time-resolved measurements of membrane potential, which show that half of the electrical charges due to proton-pumping actually cross the membrane during reduction after a preceding oxidative phase. pH measurements confirm that proton translocation also occurs during reduction, but only when immediately preceded by an oxidative phase. We conclude that all the energy for proton translocation is conserved in the enzyme during its oxidation by O2. One half of it is utilized for proton-pumping during oxidation, but the other half is unlatched for this purpose only during re-reduction of the enzyme.     

包囊游仆虫营养细胞和休眠细胞的胞器酶细胞化学

为探索毛基体非吸收型休眠包囊的生命活动特征及其胞器的功能,本文应用电镜酶细胞化学方法检测了包囊游仆虫在不同生理状态下的胞器酶反应活性及其定位：（1）在营养细胞中的食物泡膜位置出现紧密排列的腺苷三磷酸酶反应颗粒,但在休眠细胞中酶反应颗粒则聚集在细胞表膜区;（2）营养期细胞中,酸性磷酸酶反应颗粒分布在处于不同消化时期的食物泡或自噬泡内,在休眠期细胞中酶反应颗粒定位在自噬泡周缘;（3）营养细胞的线粒体内膜有稀疏的琥珀酸脱氢酶反应颗粒,休眠细胞中在分散的线粒体内也有稀疏的酶反应颗粒,但反应活性比前者要弱得多.作者由所得结果推测,大部分情况下休眠细胞的酶反应活性较营养细胞的同种反应弱;不同类休眠细胞的生命活动中,其酶的功能和作用部位可能是不一样的;在休眠细胞中也发生着消化和营养利用的过程,也经历着线粒体的功能作用过程.     

Non-mitochondrial complex I proteins in a hydrogenosomal oxidoreductase complex

Trichomonas vaginalis is a unicellular microaerophilic eukaryote that lacks mitochondria yet contains an alternative organelle, the hydrogenosome, involved in pyruvate metabolism. Pathways between the two organelles differ substantially: in hydrogenosomes, pyruvate oxidation is catalysed by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), with electrons donated to an [Fe]-hydrogenase which produces hydrogen. ATP is generated exclusively by substrate-level phosphorylation in hydrogenosomes, as opposed to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. PFOR and hydrogenase are found in eubacteria and amitochondriate eukaryotes, but not in typical mitochondria. Analyses of mitochondrial genomes indicate that mitochondria have a single endosymbiotic origin from an alpha-proteobacterial-type progenitor. The absence of a genome in trichomonad hydrogenosomes precludes such comparisons, leaving the endosymbiotic history of this organelle unclear. Although phylogenetic reconstructions of a few proteins indicate that trichomonad hydrogenosomes share a common origin with mitochondria, others do not. Here we describe a novel NADH dehydrogenase module of respiratory complex I that is coupled to the central hydrogenosomal fermentative pathway to form a hydrogenosomal oxidoreductase complex that seems to function independently of quinones. Phylogenetic analyses of hydrogenosomal complex I-like proteins Ndh51 and Ndh24 reveal that neither has a common origin with mitochondrial homologues. These studies argue against a vertical origin of trichomonad hydrogenosomes from the proto-mitochondrial endosymbiont.     

TDI对小鼠睾丸组织能量代谢的影响

研究甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)对雄性小鼠生殖细胞能量代谢的影响,探讨甲苯二异氰酸酯对雄性小鼠生殖损伤的机制.用分光光度法检测睾丸组织匀浆中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和ATPase的活性.TDI染毒两周后SDH、LDH及ATPase的活性均受到了抑制.在本实验染毒时间和染毒剂量范围内,TDI不仅干扰睾丸组织的有氧代谢及无氧代谢的供能过程,还干扰细胞对能量的利用.提示能量代谢障碍可能是TDI对雄性生殖细胞毒作用的机理之一.     

The crystal structure of an oxygen-tolerant hydrogenase uncovers a novel iron-sulphur centre

Hydrogenases are abundant enzymes that catalyse the reversible interconversion of H(2) into protons and electrons at high rates. Those hydrogenases maintaining their activity in the presence of O(2) are considered to be central to H(2)-based technologies, such as enzymatic fuel cells and for light-driven H(2) production. Despite comprehensive genetic, biochemical, electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations, the molecular background allowing a structural interpretation of how the catalytic centre is protected from irreversible inactivation by O(2) has remained unclear. Here we present the crystal structure of an O(2)-tolerant [NiFe]-hydrogenase from the aerobic H(2) oxidizer Ralstonia eutropha H16 at 1.5?? resolution. The heterodimeric enzyme consists of a large subunit harbouring the catalytic centre in the H(2)-reduced state and a small subunit containing an electron relay consisting of three different iron-sulphur clusters. The cluster proximal to the active site displays an unprecedented [4Fe-3S] structure and is coordinated by six cysteines. According to the current model, this cofactor operates as an electronic switch depending on the nature of the gas molecule approaching the active site. It serves as an electron acceptor in the course of H(2) oxidation and as an electron-delivering device upon O(2) attack at the active site. This dual function is supported by the capability of the novel iron-sulphur cluster to adopt three redox states at physiological redox potentials. The second structural feature is a network of extended water cavities that may act as a channel facilitating the removal of water produced at the [NiFe] active site. These discoveries will have an impact on the design of biological and chemical H(2)-converting catalysts that are capable of cycling H(2) in air.     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上SDH的活染

粗心选择了电泳系统及活染条件，得到较清晰的活染结果，从活染胶析 米叶ＳＤ途中 形式，而根部只有一种形式，可能在叶及根部都存在的那种ＳＤＨ形式具有更重要的生理意义。     

Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase.

Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that plays a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy expenditure and neuroendocrine function. Leptin stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids and the uptake of glucose, and prevents the accumulation of lipids in nonadipose tissues, which can lead to functional impairments known as "lipotoxicity". The signalling pathways that mediate the metabolic effects of leptin remain undefined. The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) potently stimulates fatty-acid oxidation in muscle by inhibiting the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC). AMPK is a heterotrimeric enzyme that is conserved from yeast to humans and functions as a 'fuel gauge' to monitor the status of cellular energy. Here we show that leptin selectively stimulates phosphorylation and activation of the alpha2 catalytic subunit of AMPK (alpha2 AMPK) in skeletal muscle, thus establishing a previously unknown signalling pathway for leptin. Early activation of AMPK occurs by leptin acting directly on muscle, whereas later activation depends on leptin functioning through the hypothalamic-sympathetic nervous system axis. In parallel with its activation of AMPK, leptin suppresses the activity of ACC, thereby stimulating the oxidation of fatty acids in muscle. Blocking AMPK activation inhibits the phosphorylation of ACC stimulated by leptin. Our data identify AMPK as a principal mediator of the effects of leptin on fatty-acid metabolism in muscle.     

Structural basis for a [4Fe-3S] cluster in the oxygen-tolerant membrane-bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase

Membrane-bound respiratory [NiFe]-hydrogenase (MBH), a H(2)-uptake enzyme found in the periplasmic space of bacteria, catalyses the oxidation of dihydrogen: H(2)?→?2H(+)?+?2e(-) (ref. 1). In contrast to the well-studied O(2)-sensitive [NiFe]-hydrogenases (referred to as the standard enzymes), MBH has an O(2)-tolerant H(2) oxidation activity; however, the mechanism of O(2) tolerance is unclear. Here we report the crystal structures of Hydrogenovibrio marinus MBH in three different redox conditions at resolutions between 1.18 and 1.32??. We find that the proximal iron-sulphur (Fe-S) cluster of MBH has a [4Fe-3S] structure coordinated by six cysteine residues--in contrast to the [4Fe-4S] cubane structure coordinated by four cysteine residues found in the proximal Fe-S cluster of the standard enzymes--and that an amide nitrogen of the polypeptide backbone is deprotonated and additionally coordinates the cluster when chemically oxidized, thus stabilizing the superoxidized state of the cluster. The structure of MBH is very similar to that of the O(2)-sensitive standard enzymes except for the proximal Fe-S cluster. Our results give a reasonable explanation why the O(2) tolerance of MBH is attributable to the unique proximal Fe-S cluster; we propose that the cluster is not only a component of the electron transfer for the catalytic cycle, but that it also donates two electrons and one proton crucial for the appropriate reduction of O(2) in preventing the formation of an unready, inactive state of the enzyme.     

不同去垢剂对琥珀酸脱氢酶溶膜效果的比较研究

比较了3种溶膜剂Triton X-100、Tween-20和脱氧胆酸钠对琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）的溶膜效果。其中Triron X-100的效果为最好。并且，在1％的Triton X-100溶液中SDH能够较长时间保持活力。