深水浅部地层水泥环应力分布规律研究

位于深水浅部地层的固井水泥环面临十分复杂的环境,目前针对深水浅层水泥环力学分布规律的研究较少。研究深水浅层水泥环应力分布规律,对于预测水泥环的完整性,防止安全事故的发生具有十分重要的意义。以弹塑性力学理论为基础,运用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立套管-水泥环-深水浅层组合体模型,分析不同因素对水泥环应力分布规律的影响;并得出以下结论:水泥环内壁为危险界面;随套管内压的增加,水泥环径向压应力逐渐增大,水泥环周向应力由压应力状态向拉应力状态过渡,水泥环的失效形式主要是周向拉伸破坏;水泥环弹性模量越大,其周向拉应力和径向压应力越大,而水泥环泊松比对应力分布规律的影响规律相反;深水浅部地层弹性模量和泊松比越大,水泥环越安全;水泥石在硬化过程中传递深水浅部地层孔隙压力在一、二界面产生初始应力,该力能减小水泥环周向拉伸破坏风险,有利于维持水泥环完整性。     

模拟压裂作用对水泥环密封性破坏及改善研究

利用全尺寸水泥环密封性评价装置,研究了多段压裂作用下水泥环的密封完整性。分析了密封性破坏的机理;并提出了相应改善措施和评价标准。试验结果显示基浆水泥环在压裂交变应力作用下,加卸载次数较少时,水泥环密封完整性即遭到破坏;密封性失效发生在卸压阶段水泥环与套管之间的界面处。表明在套管内压高应力作用下,弹性模量较高的基浆水泥环中产生较大的应力,除了发生弹性变形还产生了塑性变形;卸载时套管弹性回缩,水泥环中塑性变形不可完全恢复而存在残余应变,导致二者在界面处的变形不协调一致而引起拉应力。随着压裂应力交变次数的增加,水泥环塑性变形不断累积,卸载后的残余变形和拉应力也随之增大。当拉应力超过界面处的胶结强度时出现微环隙,水泥环密封性破坏。采用掺入胶乳、弹性粒子等形成弹塑性水泥石,弹性模量降低并保持较高的抗压强度,压裂作用时水泥环中产生的应力相对其抗压强度较低,产生的塑性变形较小,因此提高了水泥环保持密封完整性时压裂应力交变的次数,改善了水泥环的密封性。     

乌石17-2油田压裂井水泥环完整性评价

为了准确评价压裂井固井水泥环完整性,针对乌石17-2油田压裂井开展了交变载荷条件下的水泥环完整性失效评价实验,并基于交变压力疲劳累积损伤原理及失效准则分析了压裂井水泥环完整性失效原因,并得到了围压30MPa及交变载荷条件下水泥环完整性的失效规律。结果表明：①交变压力使水泥石内部组织受到损伤,其力学性能指标（如抗压强度等）随着交变压力循环次数的增加而降低;②套管-水泥石界面粘结强度较小,压裂加压过程中水泥环塑性累积导致卸压时套管与水泥环界面应变不一致,当界面拉应力超过界面粘结强度时,界面分离形成微环隙;③围压30MPa及交变载荷条件下水泥环完整性失效首先以微环隙为主,增大水泥石弹性及变形能力有助于保障其完整性。该结论可为乌石17-2油田压裂井水泥浆体系完善及压裂施工作业提供技术参考,有助于保证压裂井水泥环完整性。     

温-压耦合作用下水泥环参数对套管应力影响

套管应力的准确计算是保证井筒完整性的重要基础;但现有理论直接将地应力加载到模型中,计算所得的位移场包含了地层在原始构造应力下所产生的位移;而此位移并非是钻开井眼后所产生的,这样就会对套管应力的计算产生影响。在原有模型基础之上,消除了原始构造应力所产生的位移,建立井筒组合体温-压耦合模型。根据弹性理论,由界面应力、位移连续性条件,推导了组合体在温度和压力共同作用下的应力解析解。研究了水泥环弹性模量、泊松比和厚度对套管应力的影响规律。结果表明,对于低弹性模量的地层,现有模型的套管应力计算值远远高;对于高弹性模量地层会低。对于不同水泥环泊松比,现有模型计算值低。水泥环厚度较小时,现有模型计算值偏高;较大时则偏低。由此可见现有模型存在一定的差异,尤其是对于低弹性模量地层,需要对现有模型进行修正,才能为水泥环参数设计提供正确的理论指导。     

非均匀地应力下水泥环完整性规律研究

套管-水泥环-地层系统界面的密封失效,将导致高压气体上窜至井口而引起环空带压,给油气田的勘探开发带来安全、环保隐患。通过研究直井水泥环在各种应力状态下的变形破坏特征,揭示了水泥环力学特性对其水力胶结失效的影响规律,发现较高的内压下,在水平最小地应力方位水泥环内壁有进入塑性的可能性;在45°方位上水泥环内壁有发生剪切滑移破坏,造成水力胶结失效的可能性;但是水泥环产生拉伸破坏的可能性较小;所以水泥环内壁是危险面,为了防止水泥环失效,水泥环应该具有低模量,高强度和高泊松比的特性。     

页岩气井套管内压周期变化对水泥环密封失效的实验研究

压裂、回注、储气库注采等作业将造成套管内压的循环变化,最终导致水泥环的密封失效.针对前人套管内压循环变化造成水泥环密封失效破坏的实验研究并结合最新的实验结果,分析了是否考虑地层岩石约束两种井眼系统工况条件下的水泥环失效破坏方式.分析结果显示:未考虑地层岩石约束的实验易导致水泥环的周向拉伸破坏而产生径向裂纹;套管-水泥环界面过渡区的存在能降低水泥环的径向压应力和周向拉应力,从而降低水泥环产生拉伸破坏的风险;考虑地层岩石的约束时,水泥环内外界面受到套管和地层岩石的径向和周向约束,阻止了已经达到拉伸强度极限的水泥环发生拉伸破坏而产生径向裂纹的趋势;套管内压增大时,井下工况中水泥环主要发生塑性屈服破坏产生微环隙,基本不会发生周向拉伸破坏.研究成果可为固井优化设计提供参考.     

多级压裂水泥环界面密封失效数值模拟

四川地区页岩气开发过程中环空带压现象严重,严重影响页岩气井的高效开发,因此准确了解页岩气井多级压裂过程中固井界面微环隙的产生机理具有重要意义。考虑到页岩气改造压裂级数多的特点,采用有限元方法,基于内聚力单元,构建了周期载荷作用下的水泥环界面密封性评价数值模型,研究了多级压裂过程中的水泥环界面胶结失效演变规律。研究结果表明:第一次循环结束后,后期循环加载过程中水泥环界面位移的累计增长程度较小,控制水泥环初次加载过程中的塑性变形可以提高维持水泥环密封完整性的压裂次数;降低水泥环弹性模量,适当提高水泥环的泊松比可以有效增加水泥环的长期密封能力,进而降低多级压裂过程中油气井环空带压的现象。研究成果可为页岩气井多级压裂过程中油气井环空带压的有效控制提供理论参考。     

分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环密封完整性的数值模拟

水平井射孔段井筒由于孔眼的存在,在分段压裂过程中应力集中现象极易加剧固井水泥环的破坏。此外,由于高压压裂液直接作用在水泥环孔眼壁面上,使其完整性在压裂过程中遭受的挑战更大。本文建立了热流固耦合数值模型旨在分析分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环内部的温度与应力变化,研究了套管内压、压裂液排量、水泥弹性模量、孔径与孔密对于水泥环密封完整性的影响规律。计算结果表明,压裂过程中水泥环一界面、二界面以及孔眼处均会产生剪切破坏。考虑瞬态力热耦合作用时,水泥环孔眼处失封风险提高。压裂液排量、孔径与孔密对水泥环切向应力影响较小;套管内压与水泥环弹性模量的降低虽然可在一定程度降低剪切破坏系数,但难以避免射孔段水泥环压裂初期的剪切破坏。     

气井环空带压对水泥环力学完整性的影响

受井下作业、油套管或封隔器泄漏等因素产生的井口环空带压,使高温高压气井水泥环密封完整性面临巨大 挑战。为此,基于弹性力学多层厚壁圆筒理论和摩尔库仑失效准则,建立了水泥环应力和失效计算模型,研究了环空 带压对水泥环胶结面应力和失效的影响。结果表明,环空带压将增大水泥环胶结面的切向拉应力,过大的切向拉应力 将导致水泥环失效。与此同时,井筒温度增加产生的切向拉应力也会增大水泥环失效风险。环空带压越大,水泥环安 全系数越低,且温度效应对安全系数的影响较小。对高温高压气井,可根据井身结构（地层水泥环套管）参数建立 水泥环安全系数图版,从而为确定合理的最大允许环空带压值提供依据,研究结果对提高气井井筒安全性、延长开采 寿命具有重要意义。     

考虑热固耦合作用的高温高压井井筒完整性分析

以高温高压井套管-水泥环-地层为研究对象,建立套管-水泥环-地层组合系统的热固耦合模型,结合边界条件和连续条件,得到相应的应力解析解,并与有限元结果进行对比,验证了解析方法的计算精度.通过分析热固耦合作用下的解析解和不考虑热载荷的解析解,发现热载荷对整体等效应力的影响较大.采用Mises、Drucker-Prager及Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则定义失效系数评价套管-水泥环-地层组合系统的井筒完整性.讨论了水泥环弹性模量、泊松比、非均匀地应力系数、地层温度、套管内压等参数对套管内壁、水泥环内壁及第一、二胶结面失效系数的影响.上述因素对套管内壁、水泥环内壁及第一、二胶结面失效系数均有影响;第一胶结面失效系数较高,对井筒完整性影响较大.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.