四川汶川Ms8．0级地震同震干涉形变场定量分析

利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术（D-InSAR）和60景日本ALOS／PALSAR1．1级雷达数据,采用两通差分干涉处理模式,对2008年5月12日汶川Ms8．0级地震的同震干涉形变场进行了研究．通过对干涉处理中图象配准、噪声滤波和相位解缠等若干关键算法的优化使用,成功获取了震中周围较大区域的形变干涉纹图和数值化位移场分布图,并通过形变等值线和跨断层剖面线对形变场进行了定量分析,客观揭示了汶川地震地表形变场的全貌及其空间动态变化特征．结果显示,汶川地震造成的地表形变场影响范围很大,但形变主要集中在断层两侧附近区域,在上下盘各约100km以外的远场区形变量较小．按形变幅度和梯度的差异整个形变场可分为三个区域,一个是位于断裂带及其附近的非相干带所指示的强烈变形区,长度约250km,宽度在西南方向约35—15km,在东北方向约15—10km,西南宽东北窄,最大宽度位于汶川和映秀之间,这说明破裂由西南向东北扩展．这一区域是本次地震中形变最强烈,并形成地震地表破裂带的区域,该区域的形变InSAR已无法测出．另一个是位于非相干带南北两侧具有清晰可辨连续并向发震断层收敛的包络状干涉条纹所示的次级变形区,该区域在断层两侧的宽度各约70km,视线向位移为上盘沉降,沉降幅度约在-100cm以上,下盘抬升,抬升幅度约在120-130cm以下．上盘及断层附近干涉条纹相对密集,跨断层形变曲线粗糙锯齿,显示形变过程复杂,变形非均匀性突出．沿发震断层走向出现多处规模不等的局部隆起和沉降．远离发震断层的发散状宽缓条纹分布区域为远场弱变形区,形变量约为-20-30cin．这些形变特征反映了发震断层运动的分段差异性、上下盘之间的相对逆冲性及逆断层型地震上盘破坏的复杂性．初步分析认为汶川?     

采动影响下逆断层特征参数对断层活化的作用规律

笔者分析了采动影响下断层滑移的主要影响因素,以数值模拟为研究手段,利用FLAC3D建立了逆断层简化模型,分析了不同断层倾角、不同落差及采掘工作面与断层不同距离的断层带附近煤岩体弹性能、断层面正应力与剪应力、断层滑移量的变化规律,从而揭示了采动影响下逆断层特征参数对断层活化的基本作用规律。研究结果表明:上盘或下盘开采,断层带附近煤岩体弹性能集中程度随工作面与断层距离的增大而降低,随断层倾角及落差的增加而增大,但下盘开采对断层带的能量集中程度较上盘高。下盘开采时剪应力较上盘显著增加,但正应力变化较小,易于断层活化。上盘或下盘开采,随工作面与断层距离的增加,断层滑移量减小。上盘开采,随断层倾角增大,断层滑移量增加;随断层落差增大,断层滑移量减小。下盘开采,随断层倾角增大,断层滑移量减小;随断层落差的增大,断层滑移量增加。     

四川芦山Mw 6.6级地震发震构造

2013年4月20日四川芦山Mw 6.6级地震发生在龙门山构造带南段,未见典型的同震地表破裂。作者在对震后400余个地震破坏宏观调查点重新厘定的基础上,参考四川数字强震台网的近场峰值加速度(PGA)记录,绘制的本次地震等震线图的极震区地震烈度为Ⅸ度,略呈长轴为NE向的扁椭圆状,不具明显的方向性。进一步综合3 323个早期余震重新定位结果、石油地震勘探剖面和震源机制解等,判定本次地震的主要发震构造为控制蒙山东麓的大邑断裂,系龙门山构造带南段NW-SE向缩短所导致的大邑断裂上冲作用的结果;新开店断裂亦在深部产生了同震破裂,造成了断裂上盘震害明显高于下盘的断层上盘效应现象。     

四川省北川县活动断裂的地质响应

【目的】探讨北川县不同区域对断裂活动的地质响应机制。【方法】从岩层年龄、岩石类型、岩层产状、滑坡点密度、地貌高程等角度分析断裂上、下盘差异活动对北川县不同地区地质特征的影响。【结果】断裂上盘岩石类型相对单一,主要发育以千枚岩为主的变质岩,断裂下盘岩石类型复杂,各类沉积岩广泛分布;相对于下盘区域,断裂上盘地势高峻、地表出露岩层更古老、岩层倾角更大、滑坡点密度更高;另外,以北川-映秀断裂为界,上、下盘区域均表现出岩层年龄值与岩层距断裂距离值成反比的特征。【结论】总体来看,龙门山地区构造应力强度的区域差异及北川-映秀断裂的逆断层性质导致了北川县不同区域对断裂活动产生不同的地质响应方式。
     

根据汶川地震探讨断裂带与建筑物桥梁的震害关系

汶川地震由龙门山主中央断裂带发生逆冲断层引起,位于断裂带附近的建筑物、桥梁等破坏非常严重。基于大量现场调查资料,分析了逆冲断层的作用机理及其破坏规律;总结如下：当断裂带主要为逆冲断层时,主破坏方向为垂直于断裂带方向;断裂带上盘主要为朝向断裂带方向的破坏;断裂带下盘主要为背离断裂带方向的破坏。     

柴达木盆地北缘浅层滑脱断裂下盘油气富集规律及控藏模式

运用构造解析、断层封闭性分析方法,通过剖析断裂系统特征、断裂带结构及其封闭性、断裂上下盘油气成藏条件的差异对柴达木盆地北缘浅层滑脱断裂下盘油气富集规律及成藏机制进行研究.结果表明:柴北缘发育深层基底断裂和浅层滑脱断裂两大断裂系统,目前所发现的6个浅层油气藏均位于滑脱断裂下盘;浅层滑脱断裂带垂向渗透性的分带特征是导致断裂上下盘油气运聚成藏巨大差异的主要原因,滑脱断裂中致密带阻止了深层油源向滑脱断裂上盘圈闭的运移,而滑脱断裂下渗透带为深层油源至下盘圈闭的油气运移通道;存在南八仙-冷湖五号型、冷湖七号-葫芦山型、鄂博梁-鸭湖型和可能存在型4种滑脱断裂下盘聚油成藏模式;有油源断裂沟通的滑脱断裂下盘圈闭是柴达木盆地北缘勘探的重要目标.     

四川省北川县活动断裂的地质响应

【目的】探讨北川县不同区域对断裂活动的地质响应机制。【方法】从岩层年龄、岩石类型、岩层产状、滑坡点密度、地貌高程等角度分析断裂上、下盘差异活动对北川县不同地区地质特征的影响。【结果】断裂上盘岩石类型相对单一,主要发育以千枚岩为主的变质岩,断裂下盘岩石类型复杂,各类沉积岩广泛分布;相对于下盘区域,断裂上盘地势高峻、地表出露岩层更古老、岩层倾角更大、滑坡点密度更高;另外,以北川-映秀断裂为界,上、下盘区域均表现出岩层年龄值与岩层距断裂距离值成反比的特征。【结论】总体来看,龙门山地区构造应力强度的区域差异及北川-映秀断裂的逆断层性质导致了北川县不同区域对断裂活动产生不同的地质响应方式。     

45°倾角正断层粘滑错动对隧道影响试验分析

通过1∶50室内模型试验,模拟了45°倾角正断层粘滑错动下,与之正交的隧道结构的受力变形破坏过程,并布置传感器监测了隧道顶部和底部的围岩压力、隧道轴向的应变和隧道环向的应变.结果表明,围岩压力在剪切带附近发生显著变化,上盘和剪切带范围内拱顶压力显著增大,下盘拱顶压力次之,上盘和剪切带隧道底部压力减小,下盘底部压力显著增大,隧道与下部围岩可能局部脱空以适应断层的剪切位移;上盘和剪切带范围内隧道纵向弯矩为正,下盘范围内为负,隧道偏心受压;以原型混凝土压坏来判定衬砌破坏,初步确定原型结构破坏所容许的最大断层位移D=0.7m,理论上该值略偏大;隧道衬砌破坏区域长度,在剪切带和下盘范围分别为1.7和2.8倍隧道宽度.     

黑山窑村剖面碎屑岩地层断裂带内部结构特征

通过对河北省秦皇岛市抚宁县石门寨镇黑山窑村剖面太原-山西组碎屑岩地层断裂带的野外观测,结合了国内外学者对断裂带内部结构的认识,精细描述和测量了该剖面露头区的主断裂带内部结构特征。该区域断裂带内为由断层核和破碎带所组成的"二元结构",断层核发育光滑的滑动面、无内聚力的断层角砾岩及破碎强烈的断层泥,也可观测到构造透镜体及"砂岩涂抹"现象。断层两侧上下盘破碎带中发育的裂缝程度不对称,上盘裂缝规模及数量较下盘偏大。野外精细描述碎屑岩断裂带内部结构可为研究碎屑岩内断裂变形机制、流体聚集和运移提供重要的理论依据。     

汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用

2008年5月12日在龙门山映秀-北川断裂带发生的8.0级特大地震,属于逆冲-走滑型地震.作者以地表破裂为切入点,在映秀-北川断裂和彭灌断裂的关键部位,对断错山脊、洪积扇、河流阶地、边坡脊、断层陡坎、河道锴断、冲沟侧缘壁位错、小路位错、公路位错、公路拱曲、构造裂缝、断层偏转、擦痕、挤压脊、坡中槽等汶川地震所导致的地表破裂和断裂带开展了详细的野外地貌测量,标定了映秀-北川断裂带和彭灌断裂的垂向断距和水平断距,结果表明汶川地震的地表破裂带沿北东东向延伸,走向介于NE30°～50°之间,倾向北西,倾角介于30°～40°之间.其中北川-映秀断裂带的破裂带从映秀向北东延伸达180～190 km,属于单侧多点破裂型,以逆冲-右行走滑为特点,垂直位错为1.60～6.00 m,水平位错为0.20～6.50 m;彭灌断裂的地表破裂出露于彭州磁蜂场-绵竹汉旺之间,长度为30～40 km,以逆冲-右行走滑为特点,垂直位错为0.39～2.00 m之间,水平位错为0.20～0.70 m.表明该地震地表破裂带存在逆冲运动分量和右行走滑运动分量,逆冲运动分量略大于或等于右行走滑运动分量.根据历史地震和活动构造地貌的年龄测定资料,作者认为该区单条断裂的强震复发间隔在1～3ka.在此基础上,初步编制了龙门山地区的地质动力模型图,并认为下地壳物质在龙门山的近垂向挤出和垂向运动,导致了龙门山断裂带的向东逆冲运动、龙门山构造带抬升和汶川特大地震.     

逆断层粘滑错动对公路隧道影响的试验研究

结合大量地震断层的案例,针对逆断层倾角为75°,60°,45°三种工况通过模型试验研究不同倾角逆断层粘滑错动下隧道应变分布规律和整个破坏过程.试验结果表明:断层倾角越小,上盘范围内隧道顶部的纵向拉应变越大,并且拉应变进入过载状态时的错动位移值越小.当断层倾角为75°时,隧道的主要破坏形式为直接剪切破坏;当断层倾角为45°时,隧道的破坏形式以弯曲拉破坏为主;45°倾角工况下隧道的破坏范围为上盘距离断层面2.0 D(D为隧道洞径)至下盘距离断层面0.2 D,75°倾角工况下隧道的破坏范围为上盘距离断层面0.8 D至下盘距离断层面0.4 D.     

利用相对反投影方法对2010年Mw 8.8级智利地震破裂过程成像

基于美国流动台网的三分量远震P波资料,利用相对反投影方法,对2010年2月27日Mw 8.8智利地震的破裂过程成像。根据美国地质调查局(USGS)给出的震源参数及源区地质资料,设定一个小倾角断层面。将远震P波反投影至该断层面上,获取震源破裂过程。结果表明,智利地震破裂由3个子事件组成,破裂长度至少为513 km,宽度至少为100 km。破裂从震中开始向北方和南方两个方向双侧扩展,但北侧的破裂明显强于南侧。北侧的破裂长度约为340 km,破裂持续时间约125 s,破裂速度约为2.87 km/s;而南侧破裂长度约为173 km,破裂持续时间约99 s,破裂速度约为1.84 km/s。另外,北侧两个子事件的能量释放高峰分别出现在破裂开始之后16 s和79 s,与初始破裂点的距离分别为75 km和230 km。南侧子事件的能量释放高峰出现时刻为80 s,与初始破裂点的距离为145 km。智利地震在破裂过程中可能受到了破裂区域的障碍体影响。     

考虑上下盘效应的Newmark设计谱

以全球典型倾滑断层的近断层强震记录为依据,分析上/下盘效应对核电厂抗震设计谱的影响,为构建考虑近断层上/下盘效应的核电厂设计谱提供参考.基于上/下盘不同区域的近断层记录,分析Newmark方法中地震动峰值比控制参数AD/V²、V/A的取值,发现核电厂抗震设计谱的拐点周期随着强震记录的特点而改变,且AD/V²、V/A的取值受到上/下盘效应的影响.上盘记录的V/A值小于其它区域,而AD/V²值则大于其它区域.由于AD/V²与V/A的值决定了设计谱第三、第四个控制点周期,因此设计谱的谱形也受到影响.通过对比本次确定的设计谱与RG1.60设计谱,发现上/下盘效应对设计谱短周期段的谱值有显著的影响.这使得短周期段谱值增大,而对中长周期段的影响不明显.无论是设计谱的形状还是谱值大小,基岩场地设计谱的变化比土层场地的大.由此可见,在编制标准反应谱时建议考虑上/下盘效应的影响.     

正断层错动致地铁变形计算模型

针对正断层错动引起的地铁隧道变形破坏仍缺乏有效的理论预测模型的情况,基于不排水条件下上覆土体的变形机理,建立地铁隧道变形的计算方法.理论模型表明,影响隧道衬砌纵向线应变的参数有隧道半径、土层厚度、基岩断层错动量、断层倾角、隧道埋置深度和形状参数.正断层错动影响下,隧道拱顶衬砌分别在基岩下盘和基岩上盘一侧出现受拉区和受压区.而隧道拱底衬砌则分别在基岩下盘和基岩上盘一侧出现受压区和受拉区.随着隧道埋深的增加,需要进行拉裂破坏加固的范围逐渐缩小,并向基岩断层附近趋于集中.而随着基岩断层倾角的增加,隧道拉裂破坏加固区域则往基岩上盘一侧偏移,但加固区域的大小范围受断层倾角的影响并不显著.     

Plateau 'pop-up' in the great 1897 Assam earthquake

The great Assam earthquake of 12 June 1897 reduced to rubble all masonry buildings within a region of northeastern India roughly the size of England, and was felt over an area exceeding that of the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Hitherto it was believed that rupture occurred on a north-dipping Himalayan thrust fault propagating south of Bhutan. But here we show that the northern edge of the Shillong plateau rose violently by at least 11 m during the Assam earthquake, and that this was due to the rupture of a buried reverse fault approximately 110 km in length and dipping steeply away from the Himalaya. The stress drop implied by the rupture geometry and the prodigious fault slip of 18 +/- 7 m explains epicentral accelerations observed to exceed 1g vertically and surface velocities exceeding 3 m s-1 (ref. 1). This quantitative observation of active deformation of a 'pop-up' structure confirms that faults bounding such structures can penetrate the whole crust. Plateau uplift in the past 2-5 million years has caused the Indian plate to contract locally by 4 +/- 2 mm yr-1, reducing seismic risk in Bhutan but increasing the risk in northern Bangladesh.     

Preliminary results pertaining to coseismic displacement and preseismic strain accumulation of the Lushan M S7.0 earthquake, as reflected by GPS surveying

This paper presents the coseismic displacement and preseismic deformation fields of the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake that occurred on April 20, 2013. The results are based on GPS observations along the Longmenshan fault and within its vicinity. The coseismic displacement and preseismic GPS results indicate that in the strain release of this earthquake, the thrust rupture is dominant and the laevorotation movement is secondary. Furthermore, we infer that any possible the rupture does not reach the earth’s surface, and the seismogenic fault is most likely one fault to the east of the Guanxian-Anxian fault. Some detailed results are obtainable. (1) The southern segment of the Longmenshan fault is locked preceding the Lushan earthquake. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the strain accumulation rate in the southeast direction accelerates in the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake, and the angle between the principal compressional strain and the seismogenic fault indicates that a sinistral deformation background in the direction of the seismogenic fault precedes the Lushan earthquake. Therefore, it is evident that the Wenchuan M _S8.0 earthquake accelerated the pregnancy of the Lushan earthquake. (2) The coseismic displacements reflected by GPS data are mainly located in a region that is 230 km (NW direction) × 100 km (SW direction), and coseismic displacements larger than 10 mm lie predominantly in a 100-km region (NW direction). (3) On a large scale, the coseismic displacement shows thrust characteristics, but the associated values are remarkably small in the near field (within 70 km) of the earthquake fault. Meanwhile, the thrust movement in this 70-km region does not correspond with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release, indicating that the rupture of this earthquake does not reach the earth’s surface. (4) The laevorotation movements are remarkable in the 50-km region, which is located in the hanging wall that is close to the earthquake fault, and the corresponding values in this case correlate with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release.     

The M S7.1 Yushu earthquake surface rupture and large historical earthquakes on the Garzê-Yushu Fault

As revealed by field investigations, the co-seismic surface rupture zone of the 2010 M_S7.1 Yushu earthquake, Qinghai is a char-acteristic sinistral strike-slip feature consisting of three distinct sinistral primary ruptures, with an overall strike of 310°–320° and a total length of 31 km. In addition, an approximately 2-km-long en-echelon tensile fissure zone was found east of Longbao Town; if this site is taken as the north end of the rupture zone, then the rupture had a total length of ~51 km. The surface rupture zone is composed of a series of fissures arranged in an en-echelon or alternating relationship between compressive bulges and tensile fissures, with a measured maximum horizontal displacement of 1.8 m. The surface rupture zone extends along the mapped Garzê-Yushu Fault, which implicates it as the seismogenic fault for this earthquake. Historically, a few earthquakes with a magnitude of about 7 have occurred along the fault, and additionally traces of paleoearthquakes are evident that characterize the short-period recurrence interval of large earthquakes here. Similar to the seismogenic process of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake is also due to the stress accumulation and release on the block boundaries resulting from the eastward expansion of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, in contrast with the Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake had a sinistral strike-slip mechanism resulting from the uneven eastward extrusion of the Baryan Har and Sichuan-Yunnan fault blocks.     

Interseismic and coseismic displacements of the Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquake inferred from leveling measurements

By using precise leveling data observed between 1985 and 2010 across the south section of the Longmenshan fault zone, and eliminating the coseismic displacements caused by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake, the interseismic vertical deformation field was obtained. The result shows that the Lushan region, located between the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault （front range of the Long- menshan fault） and the Xinkaidian fault （south section of the Dayi fault）, is situated in the intersection zone of positive and negative vertical deformation gradient zones, indicating that this zone was locked within 25 years before the Lushan earthquake. Based on leveling data across the rupture zone surveyed between 2010 and 2013, and by eliminating the vertical deformation within 3 years before the earthquake, the coseismic vertical displacement was derived. The coseismic vertical displacement for the benchmark DD35, which is closest to the epicenter, is up to 198.4 mm （with respect to MY165A）. The coseismic dis- placement field revealed that the northwest region （hanging wall） moved upwards in comparison with the southeastern region （foot wall）, suggesting that the seismogenic fault mainly underwent thrust faulting. By comparing the coseismic and interseismic vertical deformation fields, it was found that the mechanisms of this earthquake are consistent with the elastic rebound theory; the elastic strain energy （displacement deficit） accumulated before the Lu- shan earthquake was released during this quake.     

SAR差分干涉测量技术在地震区域形变测量中的应用研究

合成孔径雷达(SAR)差分干涉测量是一种最新的大地形变测量遥感技术方法.利用欧洲空间局1996年4月15日获取的地球资源卫星ERS-1数据和4月16日获取的ERS-2数据,以及1997年12月2日获取的ERS-2数据,应用差分干涉测量技术对发生于1997年11月8日的西藏玛尼地震进行了提取区域形变场的应用研究.从得到的变化检测条纹图中可识别出地表破裂带,并可定量推算震中周围和两条断裂带附近的变形情况.分析结果表明:断裂为左行平移性质,断裂带南侧水平错动的最大变形量至少超过2.8 m,北侧水平错动的最大变形量至少超过1.75 m.差分干涉测量分析结果与地面调查及已有的相关研究资料符合得很好.     

中条山北麓中段洪积扇上全新世断层陡坎的发现及其新构造意义

通过室内航片解译和野外调查, 发现中条山北麓中段虞乡镇西南山前洪积扇上发育走向NW290°的陡坎。野外差分GPS测量和DEM数据分析得到其最大高度为13 m, 最小高度只有3 m, 高度的差别主要与陡坎所在的地貌面的发育先后有关, 早期冲积扇上发育的陡坎高度较大, 晚期冲积扇上发育的陡坎高度较小。另外, 断层下降盘冲沟扇状堆积也影响同一期洪积扇面上陡坎的高度, 离开冲沟越远, 堆积作用越弱, 陡坎就高一些。探槽研究揭示, 虞乡镇西南洪积扇上断层陡坎晚更新世晚期以来至少发生过两次古地震事件, 断层第一次活动时间在16720±70 aBP以后, 7700±40 aBP之前, 接近16720±70 aBP; 断层第二次活动的时间在7700±40~7020±40 aBP之间, 垂直断距大于2.2 m, 说明该陡坎为全新世断层陡坎。对比研究估计, 该断层垂直活动速率约为0.9 mm/a。