High rates of N2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs in the oligotrophic Pacific Ocean

The availability of nitrogen is important in regulating biological productivity in marine environments. Deepwater nitrate has long been considered the major source of new nitrogen supporting primary production in oligotrophic regions of the open ocean, but recent studies have showed that biological N2 fixation has a critical role in supporting oceanic new production. Large colonial cyanobacteria in the genus Trichodesmium and the heterocystous endosymbiont Richelia have traditionally been considered the dominant marine N2 fixers, but unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria and bacterioplankton have recently been found in the picoplankton and nanoplankton community of the North Pacific central gyre, and a variety of molecular and isotopic evidence suggests that these unicells could make a major contribution to the oceanic N budget. Here we report rates of N2 fixation by these small, previously overlooked diazotrophs that, although spatially variable, can equal or exceed the rate of N2 fixation reported for larger, more obvious organisms. Direct measurements of 15N2 fixation by small diazotrophs in various parts of the Pacific Ocean, including the waters off Hawaii where the unicellular diazotrophs were first characterized, show that N2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs can support a significant fraction of total new production in oligotrophic waters.     

Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean

Marine fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is believed to be an important source of biologically useful nitrogen to ocean surface waters, stimulating productivity of phytoplankton and so influencing the global carbon cycle. The majority of nitrogen fixation in tropical waters is carried out by the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, which supplies more than half of the new nitrogen used for primary production. Although the factors controlling marine nitrogen fixation remain poorly understood, it has been thought that nitrogen fixation is limited by iron availability in the ocean. This was inferred from the high iron requirement estimated for growth of nitrogen fixing organisms and the higher apparent densities of Trichodesmium where aeolian iron inputs are plentiful. Here we report that nitrogen fixation rates in the central Atlantic appear to be independent of both dissolved iron levels in sea water and iron content in Trichodesmium colonies. Nitrogen fixation was, instead, highly correlated to the phosphorus content of Trichodesmium and was enhanced at higher irradiance. Furthermore, our calculations suggest that the structural iron requirement for the growth of nitrogen-fixing organisms is much lower than previously calculated. Although iron deficiency could still potentially limit growth of nitrogen-fixing organisms in regions of low iron availability-for example, in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean-our observations suggest that marine nitrogen fixation is not solely regulated by iron supply.     

Intermediates in the transformation of phosphonates to phosphate by bacteria

Phosphorus is an essential element for all known forms of life. In living systems, phosphorus is an integral component of nucleic acids, carbohydrates and phospholipids, where it is incorporated as a derivative of phosphate. However, most Gram-negative bacteria have the capability to use phosphonates as a nutritional source of phosphorus under conditions of phosphate starvation. In these organisms, methylphosphonate is converted to phosphate and methane. In a formal sense, this transformation is a hydrolytic cleavage of a carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, but a general enzymatic mechanism for the activation and conversion of alkylphosphonates to phosphate and an alkane has not been elucidated despite much effort for more than two decades. The actual mechanism for C-P bond cleavage is likely to be a radical-based transformation. In Escherichia coli, the catalytic machinery for the C-P lyase reaction has been localized to the phn gene cluster. This operon consists of the 14 genes phnC, phnD, …, phnP. Genetic and biochemical experiments have demonstrated that the genes phnG, phnH, …, phnM encode proteins that are essential for the conversion of phosphonates to phosphate and that the proteins encoded by the other genes in the operon have auxiliary functions. There are no functional annotations for any of the seven proteins considered essential for C-P bond cleavage. Here we show that methylphosphonate reacts with MgATP to form α-D-ribose-1-methylphosphonate-5-triphosphate (RPnTP) and adenine. The triphosphate moiety of RPnTP is hydrolysed to pyrophosphate and α-D-ribose-1-methylphosphonate-5-phosphate (PRPn). The C-P bond of PRPn is subsequently cleaved in a radical-based reaction producing α-D-ribose-1,2-cyclic-phosphate-5-phosphate and methane in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Substantial quantities of phosphonates are produced worldwide for industrial processes, detergents, herbicides and pharmaceuticals. Our elucidation of the chemical steps for the biodegradation of alkylphosphonates shows how these compounds can be metabolized and recycled to phosphate.     

The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus

Marine unicellular cyanobacteria are responsible for an estimated 20-40% of chlorophyll biomass and carbon fixation in the oceans. Here we have sequenced and analysed the 2.4-megabase genome of Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102, revealing some of the ways that these organisms have adapted to their largely oligotrophic environment. WH8102 uses organic nitrogen and phosphorus sources and more sodium-dependent transporters than a model freshwater cyanobacterium. Furthermore, it seems to have adopted strategies for conserving limited iron stores by using nickel and cobalt in some enzymes, has reduced its regulatory machinery (consistent with the fact that the open ocean constitutes a far more constant and buffered environment than fresh water), and has evolved a unique type of swimming motility. The genome of WH8102 seems to have been greatly influenced by horizontal gene transfer, partially through phages. The genetic material contributed by horizontal gene transfer includes genes involved in the modification of the cell surface and in swimming motility. On the basis of its genome, WH8102 is more of a generalist than two related marine cyanobacteria.     

Doubling of marine dinitrogen-fixation rates based on direct measurements

Biological dinitrogen fixation provides the largest input of nitrogen to the oceans, therefore exerting important control on the ocean's nitrogen inventory and primary productivity. Nitrogen-isotope data from ocean sediments suggest that the marine-nitrogen inventory has been balanced for the past 3,000?years (ref. 4). Producing a balanced marine-nitrogen budget based on direct measurements has proved difficult, however, with nitrogen loss exceeding the gain from dinitrogen fixation by approximately 200?Tg?N?yr?1 (refs 5, 6). Here we present data from the Atlantic Ocean and show that the most widely used method of measuring oceanic N2-fixation rates underestimates the contribution of N2-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) relative to a newly developed method. Using molecular techniques to quantify the abundance of specific clades of diazotrophs in parallel with rates of 15N2 incorporation into particulate organic matter, we suggest that the difference between N2-fixation rates measured with the established method and those measured with the new method can be related to the composition of the diazotrophic community. Our data show that in areas dominated by Trichodesmium, the established method underestimates N2-fixation rates by an average of 62%. We also find that the newly developed method yields N2-fixation rates more than six times higher than those from the established method when unicellular, symbiotic cyanobacteria and γ-proteobacteria dominate the diazotrophic community. On the basis of average areal rates measured over the Atlantic Ocean, we calculated basin-wide N2-fixation rates of 14?±?1?Tg?N?yr?1 and 24?±1?Tg?N?yr?1 for the established and new methods, respectively. If our findings can be extrapolated to other ocean basins, this suggests that the global marine N2-fixation rate derived from direct measurements may increase from 103?±?8?Tg?N?yr?1 to 177?±?8?Tg?N?yr?1, and that the contribution of N2 fixers other than Trichodesmium is much more significant than was previously thought.     

The impact of surface-adsorbed phosphorus on phytoplankton Redfield stoichiometry

The Redfield ratio of 106 carbon:16 nitrogen:1 phosphorus in marine phytoplankton is one of the foundations of ocean biogeochemistry, with applications in algal physiology, palaeoclimatology and global climate change. However, this ratio varies substantially in response to changes in algal nutrient status and taxonomic affiliation. Here we report that Redfield ratios are also strongly affected by partitioning into surface-adsorbed and intracellular phosphorus pools. The C:N:surface-adsorbed P (80-105 C:15-18 N:1 P) and total (71-80 C:13-14 N:1 P) ratios in natural populations and cultures of Trichodesmium were close to Redfield values and not significantly different from each other. In contrast, intracellular ratios consistently exceeded the Redfield ratio (316-434 C:59-83 N:1 intracellular P). These high intracellular ratios were associated with reduced N2 fixation rates, suggestive of phosphorus deficiency. Other algal species also have substantial surface-adsorbed phosphorus pools, suggesting that our Trichodesmium results are generally applicable to all phytoplankton. Measurements of the distinct phytoplankton phosphorus pools may be required to assess nutrient limitation accurately from elemental composition. Deviations from Redfield stoichiometry may be attributable to surface adsorption of phosphorus rather than to biological processes, and this scavenging could affect the interpretation of marine nutrient inventories and ecosystem models.     

Phosphate concentrations in lakes

Phosphate is an important nutrient that restricts microbial production in many freshwater and marine environments. The actual concentration of phosphate in phosphorus-limited waters is largely unknown because commonly used chemical and radiochemical techniques overestimate the concentration. Here, using a new steady-state radiobioassay to survey a diverse set of lakes, we report phosphate concentrations in lakes that are orders of magnitude lower than estimates made spectrophotometrically or with the frequently used Rigler radiobioassay. Our results, combined with those from the literature, indicate that microbes can achieve rapid turnover rates at picomolar nutrient concentrations. This occurs even though these concentrations are about two orders of magnitude below the level where phosphate uptake is estimated to be half the saturation level for the pico-plankton community. Also, while phosphate concentration increased with the concentration of total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus in the lakes we sampled, the proportion of phosphate in the total phosphorus pool decreased from oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes. Such information, as revealed by the phosphate assay that we use here, should allow us to address hypotheses concerning the concentration of phosphate available to planktonic microorganisms in aquatic systems.     

Unicellular cyanobacteria fix N2 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean

Fixed nitrogen (N) often limits the growth of organisms in terrestrial and aquatic biomes, and N availability has been important in controlling the CO2 balance of modern and ancient oceans. The fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia is catalysed by nitrogenase and provides a fixed N for N-limited environments. The filamentous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium has been assumed to be the predominant oceanic N2-fixing microorganism since the discovery of N2 fixation in Trichodesmium in 1961 (ref. 6). Attention has recently focused on oceanic N2 fixation because nitrogen availability is generally limiting in many oceans, and attempts to constrain the global atmosphere-ocean fluxes of CO2 are based on basin-scale N balances. Biogeochemical studies and models have suggested that total N2-fixation rates may be substantially greater than previously believed but cannot be reconciled with observed Trichodesmium abundances. It is curious that there are so few known N2-fixing microorganisms in oligotrophic oceans when it is clearly ecologically advantageous. Here we show that there are unicellular cyanobacteria in the open ocean that are expressing nitrogenase, and are abundant enough to potentially have a significant role in N dynamics.     

MBR工艺强化脱氮除磷处理滇池农业面源污水的调控方法及实际应用

为保证滇池环湖截污体系已建混合水质净化厂MBR工艺实现出水氮磷稳定达标,通过现场搭建中试规模的系统,研究了外加碳源(乙酸钠)和除磷剂(聚合氯化铝)投加量对实际污水中氮磷强化去除的关系,提出了针对滇池农业面源污水常年进水水质质量浓度、碳氮比以及碳磷比均较低,TN和TP质量浓度波动大的特点,可灵活采用外加碳源(乙酸钠)和辅助化学除磷(PAC)的双调控方法或辅助化学除磷的单调控方法,在能够使出水中氮磷达标稳定的前提下,节约运行成本。同时,以中试研究参数为基准,有效地提高了洛龙河混合水质净化厂的实际运行调控效率,缩短了整个系统优化调整时间,并最终实现净化厂各项出水水质参数稳定达标,特别是TP质量浓度稳定低于0.3 mg/L的地方标准要求,预计滇池现有的两座MBR工艺处理厂每年TP的减排量可达65.3 t。     

鄱阳湖湿地洲滩前缘浅层土壤碳-氮-磷的时空特征

湿地洲滩土壤碳、氮、磷是重要的营养元素,其分布特征直接影响湿地生态系统的生产力和生态系统服务功能.通过2014-2017年对鄱阳湖湿地洲滩前缘浅层土壤(0～20 cm)有机碳、全氮、全磷观察实验分析,结果表明:鄱阳湖湿地洲滩前缘浅层土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷的年际变化特征不同,有机碳变化不显著,全氮、全磷变化显著; 浅层土壤有机碳、全磷、全氮的高程梯度变化极显著; 浅层土壤碳氮比、碳磷比年际变化极显著,氮磷比不显著; 浅层土壤碳氮比高程梯度变化不显著,碳磷比、氮磷比的高程梯度变化极显著.浅层土壤氮磷含量较其他     

Evolution and metabolic significance of the urea cycle in photosynthetic diatoms

Diatoms dominate the biomass of phytoplankton in nutrient-rich conditions and form the basis of some of the world's most productive marine food webs. The diatom nuclear genome contains genes with bacterial and plastid origins as well as genes of the secondary endosymbiotic host (the exosymbiont), yet little is known about the relative contribution of each gene group to diatom metabolism. Here we show that the exosymbiont-derived ornithine-urea cycle, which is similar to that of metazoans but is absent in green algae and plants, facilitates rapid recovery from prolonged nitrogen limitation. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of a mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthase impairs the response of nitrogen-limited diatoms to nitrogen addition. Metabolomic analyses indicate that intermediates in the ornithine-urea cycle are particularly depleted and that both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycles are linked directly with the ornithine-urea cycle. Several other depleted metabolites are generated from ornithine-urea cycle intermediates by the products of genes laterally acquired from bacteria. This metabolic coupling of bacterial- and exosymbiont-derived proteins seems to be fundamental to diatom physiology because the compounds affected include the major diatom osmolyte proline and the precursors for long-chain polyamines required for silica precipitation during cell wall formation. So far, the ornithine-urea cycle is only known for its essential role in the removal of fixed nitrogen in metazoans. In diatoms, this cycle serves as a distribution and repackaging hub for inorganic carbon and nitrogen and contributes significantly to the metabolic response of diatoms to episodic nitrogen availability. The diatom ornithine-urea cycle therefore represents a key pathway for anaplerotic carbon fixation into nitrogenous compounds that are essential for diatom growth and for the contribution of diatoms to marine productivity.     

The evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir

Phosphorus is a biolimiting nutrient that has an important role in regulating the burial of organic matter and the redox state of the ocean-atmosphere system. The ratio of phosphorus to iron in iron-oxide-rich sedimentary rocks can be used to track dissolved phosphate concentrations if the dissolved silica concentration of sea water is estimated. Here we present iron and phosphorus concentration ratios from distal hydrothermal sediments and iron formations through time to study the evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir. The data suggest that phosphate concentrations have been relatively constant over the Phanerozoic eon, the past 542 million years (Myr) of Earth's history. In contrast, phosphate concentrations seem to have been elevated in Precambrian oceans. Specifically, there is a peak in phosphorus-to-iron ratios in Neoproterozoic iron formations dating from ～750 to ～635?Myr ago, indicating unusually high dissolved phosphate concentrations in the aftermath of widespread, low-latitude 'snowball Earth' glaciations. An enhanced postglacial phosphate flux would have caused high rates of primary productivity and organic carbon burial and a transition to more oxidizing conditions in the ocean and atmosphere. The snowball Earth glaciations and Neoproterozoic oxidation are both suggested as triggers for the evolution and radiation of metazoans. We propose that these two factors are intimately linked; a glacially induced nutrient surplus could have led to an increase in atmospheric oxygen, paving the way for the rise of metazoan life.     

Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic

The role of iron in enhancing phytoplankton productivity in high nutrient, low chlorophyll oceanic regions was demonstrated first through iron-addition bioassay experiments and subsequently confirmed by large-scale iron fertilization experiments. Iron supply has been hypothesized to limit nitrogen fixation and hence oceanic primary productivity on geological timescales, providing an alternative to phosphorus as the ultimate limiting nutrient. Oceanographic observations have been interpreted both to confirm and refute this hypothesis, but direct experimental evidence is lacking. We conducted experiments to test this hypothesis during the Meteor 55 cruise to the tropical North Atlantic. This region is rich in diazotrophs and strongly impacted by Saharan dust input. Here we show that community primary productivity was nitrogen-limited, and that nitrogen fixation was co-limited by iron and phosphorus. Saharan dust addition stimulated nitrogen fixation, presumably by supplying both iron and phosphorus. Our results support the hypothesis that aeolian mineral dust deposition promotes nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic.     

Pseudomonas sp. QG6降解喹啉过程中除磷特性及影响因素研究

从工业废水处理系统中分离出一株以喹啉为唯一碳源和氮源的假单胞菌QG6 (Pseudomonas sp. QG6), 用于喹啉降解同步除磷, 并采用正交实验设计优化出最佳条件。菌株QG6具有较好的喹啉降解能力, 12小时内能将96~144 mg/L的喹啉完全降解。菌株QG6在好氧条件下具有除磷能力, 不存在喹啉的条件下, 以有机碳为碳源、无机氮为氮源、初始磷酸盐浓度为8.69~19.41 mg/L时, 20小时内能去除磷酸盐86%以上。初始喹啉浓度为144 mg/L (其自身的碳氮比约7:1)、磷酸盐浓度为10 mg/L时, 若不外加有机碳源, 喹啉在12小时内被降解完全, 同一时段内除磷率仅为33%。外加有机碳源至碳氮比20:1且其他条件都相同时, 喹啉降解 效果不受影响, 且同步除磷率提高到 86%。正交实验表明, 外加碳源条件下喹啉降解的最佳条件按影响大小排列为: 初始喹啉浓度200 mg/L, 温度25°C, pH 8, 摇床转速120 rpm; 除磷最佳条件为: 摇床转速100 rpm, 温度为25°C, 初始喹啉浓度150 mg/L, pH 9。     

文思湖底泥污染物覆土缓释可行性研究

通过实验室模拟研究了覆土法对三峡大学文思湖底泥中污染物缓释的可行性.通过监测上覆水体中总氮、总磷和有机质浓度水平监控底泥中污染物释放过程,发现底泥覆土之后上覆水体中总氮、总磷和有机质浓度水平均显著降低,与覆土材料自身向上覆水体释放的氮源、磷源和有机质浓度水平相当.结果表明,覆土可以明显抑制底泥中污染物向上覆水体的释放,因此通过覆土以抑制底泥污染物释放可行.     

青藏高原典型湖泊湖岸带表层沉积物碳、氮、磷分析

在青藏高原地区的尕海、纳木错和羊卓雍错3个湖区的典型湖泊湖岸带采集表层沉积物,测定总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量,分析营养元素间的原子比.结果显示:7处湖岸带表层沉积物有机碳含量介于1.19～46.84g/kg之间,其中尕海糊区的果茫滩最高;总氮含量介于0.26～10.84g/kg之间,尕海最高;总磷含量介于0.05～0.38g/kg之间,尕海最高;纳木错有机碳、总氮、总磷含量均为最低.湖岸带表层沉积物C/N的最大值和最小值均出现在尕海湖区,分别是尕海湖区果芒滩的19.04和尕海湖区尕海的2.85,其他两个湖区的值均在5～10之间;C/P均大于60;N/P值介于8.75～63.17之间;纳木错湖区的N/P和C/P均低于另外两个湖区.可以认为:磷是3个湖区潜在的营养限制因子;尕海存在外源氮输入;果芒滩沉积物有机质主要来源为陆生和水生维管束植物碎屑混合物,纳木错湖区和羊卓雍错湖区则为湖泊自生的水生生物碎屑混合物.     

土壤理化性质对珠江口红树林湿地土壤氮磷质量分数的影响

以珠江口典型人工次生红树林湿地为研究对象,在广州南沙红树林湿地公园、珠海淇澳担杆岛省级自然保护区两样地采集16处30 cm深度的土壤样品共48个（每10 cm分层）,测定全氮（TN）、有效氮（AN）、全磷（TP）、有效磷（AP）、pH、土壤粒度、有机质（OM）、有机碳（OC）、Eh、含水量等指标. 结果表明:研究区域的全氮质量分数为0.39-0.94 gkg-1;有效氮为60.36-98.12 mgkg-1;全磷为0.39-0.94 gkg-1;有效磷为4.02-62.14 mgkg-1; N/P为1.59-3.27;有效N/P为1.24-18.07.各项指标处于中等水平。全氮与有机碳和全磷正相关（R2=0.826）;有机氮与砂粒比例正相关（R2=0.225）;全磷与全氮、含水量、有效磷正相关,与砂粒比例负相关（R2=0.838）;有效磷与全磷、砂粒、全氮正相关,与有机质负相关（R2=0.754）;N/P与有机碳正相关、;与含水量负相关（R2=0.414）;有效N/P与粘粒、有机碳负相关（R2=0.285）.该区土壤表现为氮限制型,不利于现阶段的红树林生长恢复,可通过适当的氮添加改善土壤整体质量.     

五台山不同海拔林线森林斑块内草本群落与表层土壤特征

该文选择五台山4个海拔梯度(2 200 m、2 250 m、2 300 m、2 350 m)的林线森林斑块为样地,对其林下的草本层和表层土壤(0～10 cm)进行野外调查取样和室内实验研究,运用指数、单因素方差分析、PERMANOVA分析、PCoA排序以及Pearson相关和Spearman秩相关进行分析.主要结果有:(i)在林线森林斑块内草本群落物种多样性在样地间差异不显著,但草本群落差异性显著受海拔梯度的影响.海拔2 350 m和2 300 m的2个样地群落物种组成相似性最小且群落相似性最小,海拔2 300～2 350 m引起了草本群落较大的变化.而海拔2 250 m和2 200 m的2个样地群落物种组成相似性最大,且群落相似性中等.推测海拔2 200～2 250 m的变化引起了物种地位的变化;(ii)单因素方差分析表明表层土壤pH值、全氮、全磷和全硫在不同海拔的林线森林斑块内呈显著变化,秩和检验结果表明有机碳在海拔梯度间变化不显著,全氮、全硫和有机碳的变化随海拔升高而增大;(iii)Pearson相关和Spearman秩相关的研究结果表明,土壤pH值与全氮、全硫、全磷和有机碳呈显著负相关,全氮、全硫、全磷和有机碳之间大多数呈显著正相关,这些土壤理化性质与植物多样性的相关性不显著.研究发现:在林线森林斑块内草本群落的海拔间变异受土壤理化性质的影响不显著,受海拔影响显著但变化趋势波动性较大,这可能与放牧和其他环境因子的影响有关,需设置更严格的控制实验来进一步分析.     

辽河吉林省段干支流沉积物中氮和磷的形态与释放特征

利用化学提取方法测定分析辽河吉林省段干支流沉积物中氮和磷的质量比及形态, 并在实验室条件下模拟研究沉积物中氨氮和可溶性磷酸盐的释放过程. 结果表明： 除杨木水库与支流条子河的沉积物中总磷和总氮质量比较高（1.09~3.00  g/kg）外, 其他干支流沉积物中的总磷和总氮质量比均较低（0.25~0.70 g/kg）; 氨氮的质量比在杨木水库中下游的沉积物中相对较高（0.044~0.052 g/kg）; 钙结合态磷、 有机磷和残渣磷是总磷的主要存在形态, 可交换态磷、 铝结合态磷和铁结合态磷的质量比较低; 酸性条件可促进沉积物释放氨氮和磷[JP2]酸盐, 碱性条件有利于沉积物释放氨氮; 释放过程受微生物活动、 pH值和溶解氧含量的影响.     

獐子岛附近海域沉积物中氮和磷的分布来源及污染风险评价

【目的】为探讨北黄海獐子岛附近海域氮、磷的来源及其污染风险状况,对该海域表层沉积物中氮、磷的形态和分布特征进行分析。【方法】采用K2S2O8氧化法和HCl浸取法对獐子岛附近海域13个站位的表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及其无机和有机态的含量进行分析,并采用单因子标准指数法对氮、磷的污染水平进行评价。【结果】獐子岛附近海域沉积物中TN和TP的含量分别为0.192~1.357 mg/g和0.302~0.489mg/g,有机氮(ON)和无机磷(IP)是表层沉积物中氮和磷的主要存在形式,分别占TN与TP的90.93%和82.84%。沉积物中TN和TP在研究区域南部含量较高,这与沉积物粒度密切相关;而ON、有机磷(OP)两者都与有机碳(TOC)含量具有显著相关性,说明它们具有相似的来源。单因子标准指数法分析表明獐子岛附近海域沉积物中TP含量较低,标准指数均小于1;而TN含量相对较高,其标准指数为0.35~2.47。【结论】獐子岛附近海域沉积物中氮为陆源和自生混合来源,而磷主要是陆源输入;海域沉积物环境受到氮的污染。