垂直管内油—气—水三相弹状流流动特性的研究

采用高速动态分析系统和光纤含气率测量仪,研究了垂直上升管内油－气－水三相弹状流流动特征的规律．实验表明,短时域内平均截面含气率是判断三相流流型的有效方法．通过改变三相流系统中的体积含水率,研究了它对液弹内平均截面含气率的影响;最后,用高速动态分析仪可视化测定了各个工况下的平均液弹长度．     

油水气三相流的流型及泡状流向弹状流的转变

油水气多相混输是海上油气田开发中赖以取得重大经济效益的技术,其流动特性的准确计算是管线设计及安全、经济运行的重要依据.首先,通过实验确定出了油水两相混合物由油包水(W/O)向水包油型(O/W)的转变发生在含水率约为0.45时.垂直下降管内油水气三相流的流型基本上可以划分为油包水和水包油型的泡状流、弹状流及环状流.通过对垂直下降管内气泡碰撞、合并机理的分析建立了油水气三相流动过程中泡状流与弹状流间的转变界限的计算式,该转变发生的临界截面含气率约为0.35,计算结果与实验值的平均误差为11%.泡状流向弹状流的转变主要取决于折算气速和折算液速的大小,含水率对转变界限的影响较弱.     

油水气三相流的流型及泡状流向弹状流的转变

油水气多相混输是海上油气田开发中赖以取得重大经济效益的技术，其流动特性的准确计算是管线设计及安全、经济运行的重要依据．首先，通过实验确定出了油水两相混合物由油包水(W／O)向水包油型(O／W)的转变发生在含水率约为0．45时．垂直下降管内油水气三相流的流型基本上可以划分为油包水和水包油型的泡状流、弹状流及环状流．通过对垂直下降管内气泡碰撞、合并机理的分析建立了油水气三相流动过程中泡状流与弹状流间的转变界限的计算式，该转变发生的临界截面含气率约为0．35，计算结果与实验值的平均误差为11％．泡状流向弹状流的转变主要取决于折算气速和折算液速的大小，含水率对转变界限的影响较弱．     

水平管油-气-水三相流压力梯度变化特性

在内径50 mm、长40 m的不锈钢水平环道内,利用压力传感器对油-气-水三相管流压力波动特性进行试验研究,从流型的观点分析三相管流平均压力梯度随液相中入口体积含水率、气相折算速度以及液相折算速度的变化规律.结果表明:油-气-水三相管流条件下的转相点对应的人口体积含水率为40%,低于油水两相管流转相点对应的体积含水率(60%),油-气-水三相流动转相的发生与折算液速、折算气速和液相含水率均有关, Lockhart＆Murtinelli两相模型可以用来预测AN ‖ O/W流型的油-气-水三相流动压力梯度.     

矩形窄缝通道泡状流向弹状流流型转化研究

在高温空气加热矩形窄缝通道（高1min、宽20mm和高2min、宽20mm）实验的基础上，对其水一水蒸气汽液两相流中的泡状流向弹状流转化进行了理论研究．在漂移流模型的基础上得出了泡状流向弹状流转化的流型转化准则，并与实验数据进行了初步比较，二者符合较好．研究发现：在此实验条件下，泡状流向弹状流转化时的空泡份额值要大于以前研究文献中给出的值；转化时空泡份额的值会随着热流密度的增大而减小．研究的结果对于反应堆换热元件的设计和运行以及安全分析均具有重要的意义．     

水平管内油—气—水三相流流型的研究

在较为宽广的实验参数范围内,对水平管内油－气－水三相流动的流型及其转变规律进行了实验和理论研究,分析了各种流型间的转变机理,并根据实验数据建立了水平管内的油－气－水三相流型间的转变关系式和流型图,结果表明：随着含水率的减小,在相同液速下,不同流型的转变均有提前的趋势,即转变所需的气速小;含水率对不同流型转变界限的影响程度有所不同,这主要是由于三相混合物的物性对流型的影响。     

垂直环空气液两相流流型的实验研究

针对国内外井涌理论中存在的问题，对空气－水、空气－泥浆两相流系统进行了实验研究．用垂直环空管流实验架、井眼数据测量与传输遥测系统，以及计算机实时数据采集系统，获取了大量实验数据．在此基础上，绘制了空气－水、空气－泥浆两相流的流型图，并利用回归分析的数学方法获取了空气－泥浆两相流泡状流向弹状流过渡的过渡区数学模型．     

卧式螺旋管内油—气—水三相流流型的实验研究

在２种不同尺寸的卧式螺旋管上进行了油－气－水三相流流型的实验研究，得到了流型图，对各种流型之间的转变机理进行了讨论和分析，同时给出了各流型之间转变的准则关系式     

论微重力弹-环状流转换的空隙率匹配模型

对基于微重力条件下,气／液两相弹状流滑移流率关系和光滑环状流动量平衡关系的弹-环状流转换空隙率匹配模型的解的特征,进行了深入分析．发现该模型具有双解、单解和无解三种情况．由此阐明了该模型难以正确预测微重力条件下气／液两相弹-环．状流转换条件的原因在于光滑环状流动量平衡关系的非客观性．     

多相流流量的电容相关测试技术研究

应用电容传感器和相关分析技术，对常温、常压下内径为６２ｍｍ垂直上升管中的水气两相流、油气两相流、油水两相流以及油－气－水三相流流量进行测试研究．同时考虑物性和流型对流量测试的影响，利用漂移流动模型提出了对以上两相流及三相流流量计算的计算公式．通过实验，证实了电容相关测试方法的可行性和可靠性．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.