用偏振移相共路剪切干涉仪测量光学非球面

现代光学系统中大量使用了非球面元件,光学非球面表面面形精度要求高,一般不低于λ/4(λ=0.6832μm),使得加工与检测难度极高。本文介绍了一种用于测量光学非球面透镜的偏振移相剪切干涉方法和数据处理方法,该系统具有测量精度高、调整方便、测量速度快、操作简单、对外界干扰不敏感等特点。     

波像差法构建非球面干涉检测的误差分离模型

非球面元件光学干涉检测中,获得客观、准确的面形信息是实现元件快速、确定性制造的关键因素之一。为了实现大口径光学离轴非球面反射镜的高精度检测,对其干涉检测结果中的误差信息表现形式进行了分析研究,提出了一种基于将离轴非球面反射镜检测工装视为具有5维自由度空间刚体设想的误差分离矩阵,并从波像差理论出发,寻求出调整误差作用分量的分立表现形式及影响参数,建立了计算机辅助检测大口径光学离轴非球面反射镜的基本模型。仿真分析结果证实了这种方法的可行性。     

超精密气囊工具抛光方法的研究

针对气囊数控抛光获得高精密非球曲面零件的方法,分析了气囊抛光实验样机的结构、运动控制系统组成、柔性气囊的构成以及气囊进动运动方式和气囊抛光的加工原理.研究了气囊抛光工艺扩展可行性以及抛光过程中控制工件面形、表面质量和处理边缘效应的方法.研究表明气囊抛光工艺具有可扩展性.在试制的实验样机上进行了工艺参数综合实验,实验结果表明:利用气囊抛光方法可以加工出超精密光滑的表面,该方法是加工和制造超精密光学表面的有效方法.     

光学非球面元件机器人柔性抛光技术

计算机控制光学表面成型技术在光学元件冷加工中占据重要的地位,是对平面及非球面光学元件进行最后阶段修整抛光的必要手段.现有的计算机控制光学表面成型技术大都基于数控机床来进行.随着机器人技术的发展和广泛应用,将机器人引入到光学元件数控加工领域是一种新的有效尝试.因此,对一种基于机器人的光学非球面柔性抛光技术进行了运动学分析,并建立了控制模型,利用控制模型进行工件加工,获得了较好的加工效果.     

磁流变抛光工具及其去除函数

在确定性抛光过程中,去除函数对于工件表面精度的提高具有非常重要的作用。该文提出了一种磁流变抛光工具,在机床加工范围内能够加工任意形状、任意尺寸的工件。分别求出了抛光区域内压力的两个组成部分,磁化压力和流体动压力的数学表达式。根据Preston经验公式,得到了磁流变抛光的理论去除函数模型。最后通过实验得到了这种抛光工具的去除函数,验证了理论去除函数的合理性,满足使工件面形误差收敛的必要条件。精确获得去除函数是实现数控磁流变抛光的前提。     

小口径非球面碳化钨模具的磁场辅助抛光工艺

小口径非球面光学透镜具有优良的光学性能和广阔的应用前景，但其常用的碳化钨模具由于高硬度的材料特性，加工和抛光难度较大.为获得高质量、高精度的小口径非球面透镜，利用磁场辅助的抛光方式对其碳化钨模具进行加工：首先，通过一系列单因素试验选出合适的金刚石微粉粒度和抛光液成分配比，再采用正交试验探究多种工艺参数对抛光效果的影响规律，确定最佳工艺参数组合.结果表明，使用该组工艺参数抛光可以使检测点的粗糙度由10.3 nm降至3.2 nm,刀纹痕迹明显变浅甚至消失.因此，磁场辅助的抛光方式能够有效改善模具表面的波纹度和粗糙度，对于小口径非球面光学元件的加工具有一定的参考意义.     

脉冲CO2激光高精度烧蚀熔石英玻璃

激光抛光是一种能获得超光滑表面新颖的光学元件加工方法,但抛光后表面存在残余波纹和面形畸变.激光高精度烧蚀可用于对元件表面残余波纹和面形进行修正,是一种极具潜力的修形技术.本文开展了激光高精度烧蚀熔石英玻璃的实验,验证了脉冲CO2激光通过控制重叠率可以实现高精度的局部区域均匀烧蚀,并可通过控制激光功率密度获得不同纳米量级的烧蚀深度.但实验发现激光局部区域烧蚀过程存在热累积和过烧蚀的现象.为此建立三维数值模型模拟脉冲CO2激光扫描熔石英表面的过程,对不同重叠率及不同脉冲重复频率作用下熔石英表面温度分布及演变进行分析.数值计算结果表明,重叠率过高将导致熔石英过烧蚀;在合适的重叠率下,高脉冲重复频率会导致明显的热累积.     

基于分形维数的光学表面质量评价及响应曲面模型

针对光学元件表面的微观形貌结构呈现出随机性、无序性和多尺度性,反映出一种非平稳的随机过程.针对这一问题,利用光学元件表面具有微观结构上的统计自相似性特征,首先通过结构函数法计算光学表面的分形维数,分析了分形维数与表面传统评价参数峰谷(PV)值近似线性的关系,验证了可以利用分形维数来评价光学元件表面精度;其次,建立了分形维数与抛光参数的响应曲面回归模型,为了通过控制显著性较强的抛光参数来获取更好的光学元件表面质量,评价了各抛光参数对分形维数的影响权重.     

高精密光学元件磨床的加工与检测系统的开发

高精密平面磨床是加工光学非球面元件的一种重要途径.出于通用性和效率的考虑,开发一套面向光学非球面元件的高精密平面磨床的加工与检测系统,以此来实现光学非球面元件的精密加工.以自行开发研制的四轴数控高精密平面磨床为研究基础,采用模块化设计,选用Delphi 7为开发语言,运用Delphi 7和Matlab混合编程技术,搭建了加工与测量系统,实现了光学非球面元件的磨削加工、面形测量、磨削补偿以及环境检测等.实验结果表明,该系统可以满足光学元件的精密加工及检测,并具有较高的工作效率.     

大量程高精度非球面光学元件检测平台设计

针对目前高精度,大量程的非球面检测需求,综合考虑各部件对平台精度的影响,完成了对平台的机械系统,探测系统和运动控制系统的设计.该非球面光学元件检测平台采用花岗岩框架结构,以增加整体结构的刚度,减小自身热变形引起的几何误差.系统的探测系统采用了接触/非接触式双重测量的检测方法,既提高了测量的速度,又增加了测量数据的可靠性.运动控制系统则采用运动控制卡+伺服电机的三轴联动的开放式运动控制方式,满足了高精度非球面光学元件的检测需要.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.