车用二甲醚橡胶密封件相容性

针对二甲醚(DME)发动机动密封部位必须采用的弹性密封材料,深入展开了车用DME与橡胶密封材料的相容性研究.试验测试了不同橡胶材料耐受DME介质的能力,比较分析了各类材料在DME中浸泡72 h前后的体积与质量变化率,并对比了浸泡前后的拉伸强度、撕裂强度、硬度等力学性能.结果表明:三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)具有相对良好的耐受DME的能力;车用DME中杂质含量、润滑添加剂成分及比例、EPDM材料组分对EPDM耐受DME性能存在一定影响;当DME发动机燃油系统标定采用车用柴油标定时,EPDM短期内耐车用柴油能力处于可接受的范围.     

改进二甲醚燃料润滑性能的研究

在国内首次研究了二甲醚(DME)燃料中加入不同种类和配比的润滑改进剂后两者的互溶特性、发动机排放性能的变化以及燃油系统偶件润滑性能和磨损的改进,从而为 DME发动机选择合适的燃料润滑改进剂提供重要依据.实验给出了3种润滑改进剂与DME的临界互溶温度曲线,可据此在不同季节和地区为DME发动机选择合适比例的不同润滑改进剂来使燃油系统获得足够润滑,同时保证润滑改进剂与 DME能完全互溶.实验结果表明:植物油作为润滑改进剂效果较好;DME中加入少量的润滑改进剂后不会使发动机的排放性能恶化.     

低比例DME/LPG混合燃料对点燃式发动机性能和排放的影响

在发动机试验台架上初步研究了Santana 2000汽油机燃用w=-5%～15%二甲醚(DME)的DME/LPG(液化石油气)混合燃料时的性能以及排放,分析了混合燃料对汽油机性能的影响.研究结果表明:燃用低比例的DME/LPG混合燃料时,发动机的动力性达到甚至略超过燃用LPG时的水平,有效热效率和燃油经济性都有所改善;点燃式发动机燃用DME/LPG混合燃料后,发动机的CO和HC排放降低,Nox排放增加.低比例DME/LPG混合燃料在点燃式发动机中具有一定的开发潜力.     

斯特林发动机低硫柴油和二甲醚冷态喷雾

基于斯特林发动机喷雾特性,建立了斯特林喷嘴的数学物理模型,模拟了冷态工况下低硫柴油(ULSD)和二甲醚（DME）2种不同燃料在不同背压下斯特林发动机的喷雾过程,并与实验结果进行了对比分析.研究发现,背压的增大对ULSD的雾化具有促进作用, 对DME的雾化具有抑制作用;相同流量和背压下,DME的贯距比ULSD小,喷雾锥角比ULSD大.当背压增加较大时,继续提高背压对喷雾锥角的影响减弱,且喷雾锥角随着流量的增大而增大.     

喷射时刻对甲醇热氛围燃烧影响的试验

利用进气预混合二甲醚(DME)在缸内早燃形成的热氛围,研究了不同甲醇浓度下喷射时刻对缸内直喷甲醇热氛围燃烧的影响.结果表明:醇燃料在上止点附近喷射,燃烧过程表现为DME低温放热、高温放热和甲醇扩散燃烧放热3个阶段的分布式放热规律;随甲醇喷射时刻的提前,燃烧变为双峰放热,且第2放热峰值增大.较早的喷射时刻易导致爆震或者失火,燃烧过程较难控制.不同甲醇浓度下喷射时刻对发动机性能和排放特性的影响有所不同.值得注意的是,随甲醇浓度的增大,DME热值比例减小.综合比较,甲醇在上止点前22°CA附近喷射,能获得较好的发动机综合性能.     

压缩比和CO2对二甲醚燃料均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台2-135柴油机上实现了纯二甲醚(DME)的均质充量压燃(HCCI)的燃烧方式.为了扩展发动机适用工况,控制HCCI着火,进一步通过调节试验发动机压缩比以及在优化的压缩比下在进气道中加入气体CO2的方法来改进和控制HCCI的燃烧.试验结果表明,DME的HCCI燃烧模式不但可以实现无烟燃烧,还可以有效控制发动机NOx排放,使其接近于零排放.在试验负荷范围内,CO排放随负荷增加而降低;HC的排放随负荷增加而减少.对DME的HCCI燃烧机理等进行研究表明,由于纯DME十六烷值高导致着火较早(上止点前28°左右),该发动机只能在中低负荷较小范围内运行.改进的燃烧方法可以有效地控制HCCI燃烧,拓展HCCI发动机运转范围.     

燃烧与供油系统参数对二甲醚发动机热效率的影响

采用一部分二甲醚(DME)燃料在发动机进气管与空气预先混合形成均质混合气进入气缸,另一部分DME在压缩行程末期利用压燃式发动机的燃油喷射装置喷入燃烧室实现部分预混充量压缩着火与燃料直接喷射(PCCI-DI)燃烧,开展了燃烧与供油系统参数对DME PCCI-DI发动机热效率影响的试验研究.结果表明:在DME进气引导量为每循环31.6 mg的条件下,采用5孔、φ0.32 mm的喷油嘴,16 MPa的启喷压力,较低的涡流比和推迟喷油,可改善TY1100 DME PCCI-DI发动机的热效率,使发动机在较宽广的转速和负荷范围内稳定运转.     

无机粒子填充聚合物复合材料的储能模量及其表征

储能模量是衡量聚合物材料刚性及弹性的一个重要指标.文中首先讨论了无机粒子填充聚合物复合材料储能模量的影响因素,并对其进行定量表征;然后应用DuPont动态力学分析仪,在温度-150～100℃下测量了玻璃微珠填充低密度聚乙烯(LDPE/GB)复合材料的动态力学性能;最后应用文中提出的储能模量公式分别估算了LDPE/GB和文献报道的氢氧化铝填充三元乙丙胶(EPDM/AJ(OH)3)于实验条件下的相对储能模量,并与已有的储能模量公式的计算值进行比较.结果表明,文中提出的公式的预测值与实测数据较为吻合.     

以二甲醚为还原剂的氮氧化物存储还原试验研究

试验研究了以Pt/Co-BaO/γ^- Al₂O₃为催化剂、二甲醚（DME）为还原剂的NOx储存还原（NSR）性能,以及还原时间和温度对NSR的影响规律,并通过程序升温脱附和程序升温表面反应分析了DME对其存储NOx热稳定性的影响.结果表明,在等温DME-NSR循环过程中,NOx的转化效率保持在60%~70%以上;DME能够促进催化剂中硝酸盐的分解和NOx的脱附,并还原NOx.     

应力锥橡胶材料在变温环境下的力学性能

利用德国Zwick020材料试验机,进行高压电缆终端应力锥两种橡胶材料在不同温度环境下单向拉伸大变形力学行为的试验研究,得到不同温度和不同加载速率条件下材料的应力 应变关系曲线,并分析了温度及加载速率变化对材料力学性能的影响.运用Mooney Rivlin橡胶材料模型,对试验材料进行了理论分析,根据试验结果拟合出相关参数,构建了适用高压电缆终端应力锥两种橡胶材料的本构关系公式.对比不同温度下两种橡胶材料的理论计算和试验的应力值,说明该本构关系满足工程实际需要,为高压电缆应力锥的进一步研究提供了理论基础.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.