Synergistic defensive mechanism of phytochelatins and antioxidative enzymes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica chinensis</Emphasis> L. against Cd stress

Brassica chinensis L. was chosen and exposed to different concentrations of Cd exposure to evaluate its Cd-accumulating capacity and its potential cellular defensive mechanisms. Cd accumulation in the shoots and roots of B. chinensis was up to 1348.3±461.8 and 3761.0±795.0 mg per killogram of dry weight, respectively, under 200 μmol/L of Cd exposure. Increasing Cd accumulation in the plant was accompanied by rapid accumulation of phytochelatins （PCs）, and the sequestration of Cd by PCs provided a primary cellular mechanism for Cd detoxification and tolerance of B. chinensis. Furthermore, malondialdehyde formation, hydrogen peroxide content and antioxidative enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were observed in the shoots of Cd-stressed B. chinensis. Increasing enzyme activities in response to concentrations of 5 to 50 μmol/L Cd showed an efficient defense against oxidative stress, suggesting that the antioxidative system was a secondary defensive mechanism. These resulted in reduced free Cd damage and enhanced Cd accumulation and tolerance. Glutathione plays a pivotal role in these two detoxification pathways. In general, these results suggested that PCs and the antioxidative system are synergistic in combatting Cd-induced oxidative stress and that they play important roles in Cd detoxification of B. chinensis, and also give a deep understanding of the natural defensive mechanisms in plants under heavy metal stress.     

Viola baoshanensis, a plant that hyperaccumulates cadmium

This paper reports upon the finding of Viola baoshanensis, a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator through field survey and greenhouse experiments. Average Cd concentration in the shoots and roots of V. baoshanensis growing on Baoshan lead/zinc mine in Hunan Province, China, was 1168 and 981 mg/kg, respectively, varying from 456 to 2310mg/kg in the shoots, and from 233 to 1846 mg/kg in the roots.The ratio of Cd concentration in shoot to root (DW) and that in plant shoots to total concentration in surface soil was 1.32 and 2.38, respectively. Under nutrient solution culture, biomass (DW) of V. baoshanensis exposed to 0-30 mg/L Cd insolution increased with Cd supply increasing and reached a maximum at 30 mg/L Cd. Further increase of Cd concentration (40, 50 mg/L) in solution significantly reduced biomass.Cd concentration in the shoots was positively correlated with Cd concentration in the culture medium. Cd concentration in the shoots reached 4825 mg/kg at 50 mg/L Cd solution. Theratio of Cd concentration of shoots to roots in V. baoshanensis was greater than 1 at all Cd treatments, with an average of 1.67 (1.14-2.22). The results indicate that V. baoshanensis is a Cd hyperaccumulator plant.     

影响大白菜离体培养再生频率各因素的探讨

本实验以大白菜“０２号杂交早皇白”无菌苗的子叶作为材料,就组织培养过程中影响芽再分化的各种因素进行了初步探讨．用附加ＢＡ４．４×１０－６～３５．５×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、ＮＡＡ０．５４×１０－６～３．２×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、ＡｇＮＯ３１．２×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基培养子叶切段,能直接－诱导分化出芽和根;３～１１ｄ苗龄的子叶芽分化率稳定在８０％以上,其中４～５ｄ苗龄的效果较好;子叶比下胚轴易产生愈伤组织和再生芽;整片子叶比子叶切段易诱导分化出芽．芽分化率最高可达９７．８％．但每个外植体平均芽数以切去子叶柄的子叶切段为多．激素配比以ＢＡ８．９×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、 ＮＡＡ２．７×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ为最好,在此培养基中再添加８．４×１０－５ｍｏｌ／ＬＣｏ（ＮＯ３）２对促进芽分化有一定作用,但效果不如ＡｇＮＯ３。     

稀土元素铈对小麦幼苗镉伤害的防护效应

通过长期暴露（7d,16d)试验和无矿质营养元素竞争短期暴露（24h)试验,研究镉对小麦幼苗生长影响及其生物可利用性,进而研究稀土元素铈对镉造成的小麦损伤的防护效应及生物可利用性的影响。结果表明,镉抑制小麦生长、降低根系及茎叶矿质元素的含量。铈对镉引起的生长抑制及营养障碍无明显的保护作用。但铈可明显降低小麦幼苗茎叶及根系中隔的生物富集量。     

Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Down-Regulation of Bcl-2 in Arachidonic Acid-Induced Apoptosis in HUVECs

0IntroductionAraacicdhi,diosn fiocu ancidd p(reAdAo)m i,naanntelsys eantt itahle p sonl-y2u npsoastiutiroante doff actetl-ylular phospholipids . Normal free AAconcentrationin humanblood ranges from5 .8μmol/Lto 49 .3μmol/L[1].It is re-leased mostlythroughactivation of phospholipase A2by physi-ological and pathological sti muli[2]. Free AAcan be metabo-lizedinto various eicosanoids via specific enzymes such as cy-clooxygenases ( COX) , lipoxygenase and cytochromesP-450[3]. During AA met…     

耐低钾基因型水稻的矿质营养和穗粒性状

在完全营养液条件下（Ｋ＋４０ｍｇ／Ｌ），耐低钾基因型水稻品种“湘早糯１号”比不耐低钾基因型水稻品种“双白－２１１－竹印”分蘖期全株、根、茎秆的Ｋ，Ｎａ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ，Ｆｅ含量减少，根中的Ｍｇ含量稍多；孕穗期全株、根、茎秆的Ｋ，Ｍｇ含量增加．Ｆｅ含量在茎秆也多．在低钾（Ｋ＋３ｍｇ／Ｌ）营养液条件，“湘早糯１号”分蘖期植株苗高、苗干重、根干重、根体积及植株的Ｋ，Ｍｇ，Ｆｅ；茎秆的Ｋ，Ｍｇ；根的Ｋ，Ｎａ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ，Ｆｅ含量均比“双白－２１１－竹印”增加；孕穗期全株、根、茎秆的上述５种营养元素含量都增多，茎秆的Ｆｅ含量相近．耐低钾基因型水稻品种“湘早糯１号”在低钾（Ｋ＋３ｍｇ／Ｌ）条件下抽穗率达９６％，结实率达３１．１％，不耐低钾品种“双白－２１１－竹印”抽穗率少于１０％，且不结实     

丛枝菌根真菌与蚯蚓对马缨丹镉吸收和抗氧化酶活性的影响

本文采用盆栽试验，研究不同施镉水平（0、7和28 mg/kg）土壤中单独或联合接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF）和蚯蚓对马缨丹（Lantana camara L.）的生物量、镉吸收和抗氧化酶活性的影响. 结果表明，镉抑制了马缨丹的生长，降低了地上部磷的含量和过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性，提高了过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量. AMF能较好地侵染马缨丹根系，接种AMF提高了马缨丹地上部的干重、磷浓度、镉含量和吸收量以及SOD活性，降低了CAT活性和MDA含量. 添加蚯蚓增加了马缨丹地上部镉含量和吸收量，降低了CAT、POD和SOD活性，提高了MDA含量. 多因素方差分析表明，接种AMF和蚯蚓的主效应比它们的交互作用对马缨丹镉吸收和抗氧化酶活性的影响更重要. 相关性分析显示抗氧化酶活性与地上部镉和磷含量显著相关，这表明接种AMF和蚯蚓可能是通过对马缨丹吸收镉和磷的作用来影响抗氧化酶活性.     

土壤重金属Cd胁迫对大蒜和大豆幼苗生长的影响

研究了Cd污染胁迫对大蒜和大豆生长状况的影响.研究结果表明:中高浓度Cd对两种农作物根系长度影响差异并不显著且根系长度与土壤中Cd处理浓度均呈明显的负对数相关性,表明大蒜和大豆对Cd均具有较高的抗性.从两种农作物的生长高度和根系的干重生物量对Cd胁迫反应来看,大蒜对Cd污染胁迫的反应比大豆要敏感.大蒜叶片干重及大豆根系鲜重对Cd处理浓度的反应进一步证实了这一结论,这可能与两种植物对Cd的抗性机制有所差异有关.     

S- 3307 对绿豆下胚轴生根的促进作用

在 10 - 6～ - 4mol/L浓度范围内 ,随S - 330 7浓度升高 ,对绿豆下胚轴切段生根的促进作用加大 ,根干重增加 ,对上胚轴伸长的抑制作用增强 .10 - 7mol/L的S - 330 7与 10 - 4mol/LIBA混合处理 ,生根效果比二者单独处理更好 ;IBA和S - 330 7处理先后不同 ,发根数不同 ,IBA先处理、S -330 7后处理的生根数 ,比S - 330 7先处理、IBA后处理的多 ,也比两者混合处理的效果要     

Effect of Nano red elemental selenium on GPx activity of broiler chick kidney cells<Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

A new selenium source, Nano red elemental selenium (Nano-Se) was used to study the effect on the GPx activity of broiler chick kidney cells (BCKC)in vitro, Sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) and seleno-1-methionine (Se-Met) were used as the controls. The results showed that the effects of three kinds of Se forms on the GPx activity of BCKC were accordant (p>0.05) compared with each other at 0.01. 0.05 and 0.10 μmol/L Se concentrations treatments. In the range of 0.00–0.10 μmol/L Se concentrations, the GPx activity increased with elevation of Se concentrations in medium. For the three kinds of Se forms, the GPx activity reached the climax at 0.10 μmol/L Se concentration. At 0.20 and 0.30 μmol/L Se concentrations, the influnces of three kinds of Se forms were not accordant with one another. For Nano-Se, the GPx activity at 0.20 and 0.30 μmoi/L Se concentrations remained the same as that at 0.10 μmol/L Se concentration treatment. For Se-Met, the GPx activity at 0.20 μmol/L Se concentration treatment remained the same with 0.10 μmol/L treatment; the GPx activity at 0.30 μmol/L Se concentration treatment was declined significantly (p<0.05) compared with 0.10 or 0.20 μmol/L treatment. For Na₂SeO₃, the GPx activity falled gradually with Se concentration increasing from 0.10 μmol/L to 0.30 μmol/L, and at 0.30 μmol/L Se concentration treatment, the GPx activity was less than the original of BCKC. The results implicated, on the GPx activity of BCKCin vitro, the ranking of width range of the most suitable Se concentration for nutrition curve of the three Se formes is Nano-Se>Se-Met>Na₂SeO₃. Foundation item: Supported by the Key Item of the Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province (021122680) Biography: Xu Bao-hua (1966-), male, Associate professor, Ph. D. research direction: nanobiology and animal nutrition.     

施用IBA对枫香幼苗吸收土壤Cd2+的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了施用IBA对枫香(Liquidambar formosana Hance)1年生实生苗生物量及吸收、富集和转运重金属Cd2+的影响。结果表明,施用适宜浓度的IBA不仅显著提高枫香幼苗根、叶生物量,且对枫香幼苗各器官吸收Cd2+具有促进作用。IBA处理下,枫香幼苗根、叶生物量分别为对照组的1.57倍和2.09倍,且差异显著(p<0.05);枫香根、叶中的Cd2+含量显著增加(p<0.05),达对照组的2.36和2.03倍。IBA对Cd2+在枫香幼苗体内的富集、转运也有积极影响。利用隶属函数法进行的综合评价结果表明,采用600 mg/L IBA溶液浸根处理后枫香幼苗吸收土壤Cd2+的作用更显著。     

A newly-discovered Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L.

Phytoremediation emerged in early the 1980s is animportant technology for remedying contaminated sites.One of the most promising phytoremediation technologiesis phytoextraction using hyperaccumulators to removeheavy metals from contaminated soils. The ter…     

水稻产量和构件对持续干旱胁迫的补偿效应初探

 有关干旱胁迫对水稻生长的影响,过去的研究多集中于它的负面作用上,认为水分胁迫必然导致水稻生长发育的障碍和产量降低。现从正面效应的角度探讨水稻对干旱胁迫的补偿性响应。研究结果表明：①轻度水分胁迫不但不会导致水稻减产,产量还比对照增加了3.6%。水稻地上和地下部生长对轻度胁迫也存在明显的补偿效应。轻度水分胁迫显著地促进了水稻茎鞘干物质的转运。虽然轻度胁迫抑制了水稻生育中期的根系生长,但显著地延缓了生长后期水稻根系的衰老。②中度和重度水分胁迫严重地抑制了水稻地上部干物质积累和前、中期根系的生长发育。但在生长后期水稻根系也出现了一定的补偿性生长,根质量、总根长和根系表面积的下降幅度均显著低于对照。然而,由于补偿作用低于水分胁迫带来的损失,水稻产量均显著低于对照。     

调控根系对玉米幼苗生长及氮素利用的影响

在石英砂培养条件下,研究了切除种子根和阻止不定根下扎,对不同根系构成的玉米形态建成、氮素吸收和利用及吸收根补偿效应的影响。结果表明,玉米地上部形态建成随根系形态建成的抑制而抑制,反映为全株干物重随根的干物重、长度、表面积和体积的减弱而显著下降,根冠比减小。控制不定根扎入砂中但保留种子根（处理Ⅰ）及切除种子根且控制不定根扎入砂中（处理Ⅱ）的植株与对照相比,虽全株氮吸收量显著下降,但通过加强氮素在地上部分配利用及大幅提高氮素吸收效率而体现了较高的氮素利用效率。处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ的玉米吸收根表现出强烈补偿生长现象,但不同根系形态性状对吸收根补偿效应的贡献随根系间差异、特别是根的粗细差异而变化。与对照相比,处理Ⅰ植株和处理Ⅱ植株中,补偿效应最强的是根长、其次是根表面积、第三是根体积、根干物质重最弱;但处理Ⅱ与处理Ⅰ比较,根干物质重补偿效应最强、根长和根表面积相近居其次、根体积最弱。表明当玉米根体积差别大时,根长比根干物质重更能体现根系功能,而当玉米根体积相近时,根干物质重比根长对根系功能更有意义。     

增施铁对镉胁迫下柳树生长及光合生理性能的改善

【目的】了解Cd胁迫及增施Fe对不同柳树生长及光合生理的影响,探讨增施Fe对降低柳树Cd毒害和提高Cd耐性以及对柳树Cd修复的Fe调控作用。【方法】以旱柳‘Levante’和蒿柳无性系79026及790260为材料,利用1/2 Hoagland营养液(含25 μmol/L EDTA-Na₂Fe)培养法,以不同Cd浓度(0、10、50、100 μmol/L)(不增施Fe)和上述Cd浓度下增施Fe(25 μmol/L)两组处理,培养42 d后测定不同柳树生长量(苗高和地径)、干物质量(根、茎、叶)、光合作用指标(叶绿素a、b含量、叶绿素a/b、净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度)和Cd、Fe含量(根、茎、叶)。【结果】①随着Cd浓度增大,3个无性系/品种生长量、干物质量、叶绿素a、b含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和Fe含量(茎、叶)减少,叶绿素a/b、胞间CO₂浓度、Cd含量(根、茎、叶)增大,但根Fe含量在低中浓度Cd(10、50 μmol/L)时逐渐增大,在高浓度Cd(100 μmol/L)时减少。在相同Cd浓度胁迫下,3个无性系/品种Cd和Fe含量大小为根﹥叶﹥茎,旱柳根Cd含量大于蒿柳,但叶Cd含量小于蒿柳。②与低浓度Cd时增施Fe相比,在中高浓度Cd时增施Fe后,3个无性系/品种叶绿素a、b含量、旱柳‘Levante’和蒿柳79026生长量和干物质量(旱柳‘Levante’茎除外)、旱柳‘Levante’叶绿素a/b和叶片净光合速率均显著减小,而3个无性系/品种Cd含量增大,Fe含量减少。在高浓度Cd时增施Fe后旱柳‘Levante’和蒿柳790260叶Cd含量均小于中浓度Cd时增施Fe的,且旱柳Cd含量(根、茎、叶)和Fe含量(叶)均小于蒿柳。③增施Fe提高了Cd胁迫下柳树生长和干物质量、叶绿素a、b含量、气孔导度及胞间CO₂浓度,特别是在高浓度Cd时增施Fe后降低了3个无性系/品种根和叶Cd含量,增加了茎Cd含量,旱柳Cd含量(根、茎和叶)均小于蒿柳。【结论】Cd胁迫抑制了柳树生长和干物质积累以及叶绿素合成、光合作用,在中、高浓度Cd胁迫时,对旱柳生长和干物质量积累的抑制作用大于蒿柳; 柳树根的Cd和Fe积累能力大于茎和叶,蒿柳Cd积累能力大于旱柳。增施Fe提高了Cd胁迫下柳树生长量和干物质量以及叶绿素含量,不同程度地增加了Cd含量和Fe含量,一定程度上缓解了Cd胁迫对柳树光合作用的影响,且对旱柳的影响作用大于蒿柳,这证实了Cd胁迫下增施Fe改善Cd胁迫下柳树对生长和生理的适应性。     

苯酚对水稻叶片NR活力及根细胞膜透性的影响

用不同浓度苯酚溶液处理３个水稻品种，测定叶片硝酸还原酶（ＮＲ）活力，叶绿素含量及根细胞电导率，结果表明：低浓度苯酚溶液对ＮＲ活力和叶绿素含量的增加有促进作用；而对根细胞膜透性影响不明显；高浓度苯酚溶液则降低ＮＲ活力和叶绿素含量，增加根细胞膜透性，不同水稻品种受苯酚处理后的生理效应无明显差异。苯酚造成水体污染的临界浓度是０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，大于此临界浓度对水稻有伤害作用。     

古巴芦荟的组织培养

试验结果表明：古巴芦荟（ＡｌｏｅｖｅｒａＬ．）对蔗糖浓度适应范围较大（２％～５％），其中以３％的浓度最适宜．在侧芽诱导中以ＭＳ基本培养基较合适．激素对侧芽的诱导作用符合细胞分裂素／生长素的器官发生调节模式，其中以ＭＳ＋ＢＡ３—５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ对芽的诱导最有效，而ＫＣ＋ＩＢＡ２—３ｍｇ／Ｌ对根的诱导最佳，生根率达１００％．在生根培养阶段加入１－３ｍｇ／Ｌ的活性碳是必要的．试管苗移栽的最佳基质是河沙，成活率达９０．２％．     

NaCl、Na2SO4对盐芥生长和生理胁迫效应的比较

分别用含有0、100、150、200mmol/L NaCl和Na2SO4的Hoagland培养液处理盐芥幼苗,处理一定时间后测定其鲜重、干重、离子含量、质膜透性、Na /K 比值、光合速率等的变化.结果表明:两种盐处理都能抑制盐芥的生长,并且Na2SO4处理比相同浓度的NaCl处理抑制更明显;盐芥肉质化程度降低;盐芥地上部及根部Na 含量远远高于对照,并且盐主要积累在地上部.这些结果说明盐芥不是稀盐盐生植物,也不是拒盐植物,推测其耐盐机制可能建立在基础生理生化的代谢上.     

ABA和GA刺激的ROS代谢调节水稻幼根伸长分析

本文探索水稻幼根生长过程中ABA和GA对ROS代谢的影响,结果显示:低于0.5μmol/L的ABA促进根伸长,超过此浓度的ABA抑制根伸长;H2O2与ABA相似,低浓度促进而高浓度抑制;在观察浓度范围内,GA促进根伸长.利用3,3'-二氨基联苯胺(diaminobenzidine,DAB)组织化学染色方法检测根尖部位H2O2代谢情况,结果显示,对照、ABA,GA和ABA+GA处理后,根尖分别呈现浅黄色、深棕色、黄色和深棕色,说明ABA比GA诱导较多H2O2产生.进一步研究发现,ABA和ABA+GA分别上调过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性13.4%和8.37%,GA下调POD活性19.0%;同时,ABA和ABA+GA处理分别下调过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性14.8%和16.3%,GA则上调CAT活性5.16%.以上结果表明,ABA可能通过上调POD和抑制CAT活性来提高ROS含量,而GA与之相反,严谨控制ROS浓度,促进水稻生长.     

变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)和钢渣复合处理对玉米生长和积累镉/铅的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)和钢渣单独或者联合处理对玉米甜丰6号生长和Cd/Pb积累的影响.实验土壤设3个重金属水平:1 mg/kg Cd和75 mg/kg Pb、2 mg/kg Cd和150 mg/kg Pb、4 mg/kg Cd和300 mg/kg Pb.实验处理包括:未接种变形球囊霉/未添加钢渣(CK)、接种变形球囊霉(Gv)、添加钢渣(SS)、变形球囊霉和钢渣联合应用(Gv+SS).研究结果表明:Gv对土壤pH和土壤DTPA-Cd/Pb的质量分数没有影响,但SS和Gv+SS均显著增加了土壤pH和易提取球囊霉素、总提取球囊霉素的质量分数,并降低土壤DTPA-Cd/Pb的质量分数. Gv和SS的单独和联合使用均显著提高了玉米的生物量和P的质量分数,并且联合使用的促生效果最佳. Gv显著提高了玉米地上部分Cd/Pb的质量分数,但SS和Gv+SS显著降低了玉米地上部和根部Cd/Pb的质量分数,并且Gv+SS降低玉米Cd/Pb积累的作用更好.综上所述,Gv+SS复合处理提高了土壤pH和土壤总提取球囊霉素的质量分数,降低土壤DTPA-Cd/Pb的质量分数,从而促进了玉米的生长,降低了玉米地上部和根部Cd/Pb的积累.