海南岛新旧气候态下气候的差异及其影响

利用1966—2022海南岛18个国家气象观测站的气温、降水和日照观测数据,对比了新气候态（1991—2020年）和旧气候态（1981—2010年）下海南岛的气温、降水及日照时数的差异特征,并分析了气候态更替对气候业务的影响.结果表明：（1）新气候态下海南岛各地较旧气候态偏暖,年平均气温增幅呈北半部高南半部低的空间分布,年平均最低/最高气温也偏高,其中平均最低气温的增幅最大,各月气温一致性偏高,不同阈值高温日数均增多;（2）新气候态下大部分地区的气候较旧气候态下的气候偏湿,新旧气候态差异呈月际非均一性和空间不一致性特征,冬季和夏季偏湿,夏季增湿最显著,春季和秋季偏干,新气候态下海南岛的暴雨、大暴雨及以上等级的极端降水发生概率增加;（3）新气候态的年日照时数总体少于旧气候态的年日照时数,且各月变化分布不均匀;（4）气候态更替对海南岛气候影响评价、气候预测业务以及服务都造成一定影响,尤其对于差异较大的地区和月份.     

末次冰盛期青藏高原冰川变化对亚洲气候的影响

以末次冰盛期(约2.6~1.9万年前)的气候为背景, 利用大气模式CAM4耦合陆面模式CLM4, 对青藏高原冰川规模扩大对气候产生的影响进行研究。结果表明, 末次冰盛期青藏高原冰川对北半球夏季的气候影响较显著, 除在冰川分布区引起显著的降温外, 通过遥相关作用, 还使得白令海峡附近显著升温。另外, 冰川产生的扰动会显著地增强南亚夏季风, 增加南亚地区降水。对比末次冰盛期与工业革命前时期不同气候态下青藏高原冰川规模扩大对气候的影响, 发现工业革命前时期的影响显著小于末次冰盛期, 说明青藏高原冰川对气候的影响与背景气候态有关。     

基于CMIP6模式预估中亚降水时空变化特征

基于1951—2010年英国东英吉利大学（East Anglia）气候研究中心降水资料来检验第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（Commentary on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6,CMIP6）模式资料中22套模式降水资料对中亚地区年平均降水的模拟能力,并挑选最优的一批模式资料来预估中亚未来降水的时空分布特征。结果表明：在2021—2060年不同排放情景下,多模式集合平均与历史值之差的降水气候态分布与1951—2010年间降水气候态分布特征明显不同,而均方差的分布特征基本相似,在春季和冬季,中亚未来降水趋势均体现出北部降水增长,南部降水减少的分布特征。未来中亚春季和冬季平均降水量在大部分地区始终出现变多趋势,不同排放情景下预估降水长期趋势变化的结果表明,中亚春季和冬季整体降水增长或减少趋势的强度均大于以往降水变化的强度。     

大西洋热盐环流减弱对热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率的影响

利用一个完全耦合的海气模式, 通过对比分析两组试验中海表温度、盐度、风应力等气候态变化特征以及ENSO强度和频率的变化, 研究热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率对热盐环流减弱的响应。在北大西洋高纬地区注入1 Sv淡水后, 大西洋经向翻转流(AMOC)减弱约90%, 这直接导致向北的经向热量输送减少, 使北大西洋有明显降温, 南大西洋略有升温。这些变化会经过大气和海洋的远程传播以及局地海气反馈作用, 影响热带太平洋气候平均态: 赤道东西太平洋的SST都略有增温, 但纬向温度梯度和纬向风应力并没有太大变化, 赤道太平洋温跃层的深度和倾斜度也基本保持不变。相应地, ENSO强度和频率也没有明显变化。由此得出结论: 热盐环流减弱会引起全球气候平均态的变化, 但对热带太平洋的年际变率没有太大影响。     

基于人工神经网络开发中国地区统计降尺度气候预估数据

针对中国地区的气候预估问题,开发一套高时空分辨率(空间分辨率:0.25°;时间分辨率:逐日)的统计降尺度气候变化数据集.降尺度气候预估结果表明:1)在传统降尺度方法的基础上引入人工神经网络算法,开发高时空分辨率的降尺度气候数据,技术上简便可行;2)将这种新方法应用到模式的历史模拟数据上,温度和降水的气候态偏差显著减小,...     

极值Ⅰ型-正态模式结构可靠性当量正态设计法

本文给出了与R.Rackwitz & B.Fiessler不同的当量正态变量的定义,利用当量正态方法,将极值Ⅰ型—正态模式转换成当量正态—正态模式,从而解决了结构可靠性设计问题,得到了极值Ⅰ型—正态模式结构可靠性当量正态设计法的可靠系数的表达式,并用两种模拟法对极值Ⅰ型—正态模式结构可靠度的理论值与设计值进行比较,得到了2070组不同参数的极值Ⅰ型—正态模式结构可靠度的理论值与设计值的相对误差,其最大误差不超过千分之九;最后,对R.Rackwitz & B.Fiessler和我们的两种不同的当量正态方法进行模拟比较。     

当代气候的时间序列分析和模式特征

本文提出了一个近似描述当代气候的离散模式,考察了当代气候的演化趋势,论述了“三成份”模式和气候层次理论之间的一些联系。并讨论了“检测”三次方时间序列模式的一些特性,揭示了当代气候的演化和突变的一些数学机制。     

气候模式 数据聚焦分析

气候模式指依据已知的气候资料,如大气运动、表面洋流、温盐环流、大气化学、植被及土壤的变化、以及大气-陆地-海洋交互作用等设计出来的数理模式。气候模式可用于气候的模拟、预测或预报,是研究气候变化最有效的工具之一。目前所用的气候模式,尽管已经非常复杂,但仍无法包含所有可能影响气候的机制。一般而言,空间尺度越大,气候模式模拟气候现象的能力越高,     

水球世界气候态与经向热量输送的数值模拟试验

利用完全耦合的气候模式(FOAM), 通过两组理想的水球试验, 研究水球气候系统中的平均气候态和经向热量输送。两组水球试验分别是Aqua和Ridge, 前者整个星球完全被水覆盖, 没有任何陆地, 后者与前者的唯一区别是从南极到北极有一道连续的地脊。相比于现实世界, 水球世界的气候更加温暖, 极地几乎没有海冰。北半球的经向温度梯度较现实世界弱, 导致北半球的大气经向热量输送较小。这些差别主要来源于海陆分布改变造成的行星反照率的改变, 而云量的增加部分抵消了这种改变。尽管在两个水球试验中海洋环流和平均温度场差别很大, 但大气平均气候态差别不大。不同于Ridge, 在Aqua中赤道区域出现“反”哈德雷环流, 使得低纬度大气向赤道方向输送热量。尽管水球世界的海洋环流与现实世界相比发生了巨大改变, 但总的经向热量输送及其在大气和海洋之间的分配依然保持稳定。中小尺度的涡旋和扩散引起的经向热量输送部分抵消了大尺度环流引起的经向热量输送, 尤其在中纬度起着重要作用。     

土地利用/土地覆盖变化对区域气候影响的生物地球物理途径研究进展

本文从LUCC对气候影响的生物地球物理途径角度阐述其对气候系统的影响机制,并且结合多项研究结果归纳了诸如森林砍伐/造林活动、城市化、农业发展等人类LUCC活动在区域尺度的气候效应.气候模式是研究LUCC对区域气候及其变化最重要的试验工具之一,本文概括了气候模式经历了大气环流模式、区域气候模式、耦合的大气-陆面模式等一系列发展过程及其特点,提出利用遥感技术获取气候模式中的地面生物物理参数可以大幅提高模拟精度.最后,评论了目前LUCC气候效应研究中存在的问题,提出未来研究应着手降低区域气候模式模拟的不确定性,引入景观生态学理论与方法等可以更好地了解人类活动与气候变化的关系,进而制定适应气候变化的区域土地系统优化方案.     

植被对近地面层水热交换影响的参数化模型

提出了一个研究植被对地表面与大气之间水热交换影响的参数化模型。该参数化模型考虑了到达植被冠层的总辐射、大气长波辐射,建立了冠层内的热量收支平衡方程。应用本参数化模型,研究了不同植被类型的覆盖度、土壤湿度、下垫面的土壤温度、叶温、近地面层气温及地表与大气之间热量和水分的交换,并与相应的实际观测资料进行了比较。结果表明,模型模拟的不同植被的温度、湿度状况,辐射特征和能量平衡关系是合理的。因此,该参数化模型可应用于中尺度气象模型、气候模型和环境生态学的研究。     

Abrupt climate change：Debate or action

Global abrupt climate changes have been documented by various climate records, including ice cores, ocean sediment cores, lake sediment cores, cave deposits, loess deposits and pollen records. The climate system prefers to be in one of two stable states, i.e. interstadial or stadial conditions, but not in between. The transition between two states has an abrupt character. Abrupt climate changes are, in general, synchronous in the northern hemisphere and tropical regions. The timescale for abrupt climate changes can be as short as a decade. As the impacts may be potentially serious, we need to take actions such as reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.     

Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally

It is possible that anthropogenic climate change will drive the Earth system into a qualitatively different state. Although different types of uncertainty limit our capacity to assess this risk, Earth system scientists are particularly concerned about tipping elements, large-scale components of the Earth system that can be switched into qualitatively different states by small perturbations. Despite growing evidence that tipping elements exist in the climate system, whether large-scale vegetation systems can tip into alternative states is poorly understood. Here we show that tropical grassland, savanna and forest ecosystems, areas large enough to have powerful impacts on the Earth system, are likely to shift to alternative states. Specifically, we show that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration will force transitions to vegetation states characterized by higher biomass and/or woody-plant dominance. The timing of these critical transitions varies as a result of between-site variance in the rate of temperature increase, as well as a dependence on stochastic variation in fire severity and rainfall. We further show that the locations of bistable vegetation zones (zones where alternative vegetation states can exist) will shift as climate changes. We conclude that even though large-scale directional regime shifts in terrestrial ecosystems are likely, asynchrony in the timing of these shifts may serve to dampen, but not nullify, the shock that these changes may represent to the Earth system.     

全球气候变暖的成因与影响

全球气候变化是21世纪人类社会面临的巨大挑战．作者阐述了全球变暖是气候变化的主要特征，对造成气候变暖的自然原因和人类原因进行讨论．探讨气候变暖对自然灾害、水资源、农业生产、生物种类、疾病发生、海平面变化等所产生的影响．     

Role of sea surface temperature and soil-moisture feedback in the 1998 Oklahoma-Texas drought

The drought that affected the US states of Oklahoma and Texas in the summer of 1998 was strong and persistent, with soil moisture reaching levels comparable to those of the 1930s 'dust bowl'. Although other effects of the record-strength 1997-98 El Ni?o were successfully predicted over much of the United States, the Oklahoma-Texas drought was not. Whereas the response of the tropical atmosphere to strong anomalies in sea surface temperature is quite predictable, the response of the extratropical atmosphere is more variable. Here we present results from mechanistic experiments to clarify the origin and maintenance of this extratropical climate extreme. In addition to global atmospheric models, we use a regional model to isolate regional climate feedbacks. We conclude that during April and May 1998, sea surface temperature anomalies combined with a favourable atmospheric circulation to establish the drought. In June-August, the regional positive feedback associated with lower evaporation and precipitation contributed substantially to the maintenance of the drought. The drought ended in the autumn, when stronger large-scale weather systems were able to penetrate the region and overwhelm the soil-moisture feedback. Our results show the potential for numerical models including appropriate physical processes to make skillful predictions of regional climate.     

马尔可夫链在太湖流域梅雨期预报中的应用

依据1954~1991年太湖流域的入、出梅日期以及梅雨集中期,应用马尔可夫链预报了太湖流域1992年和1993年的梅雨期,并利用其平稳分布分析了梅雨期系统在各状态下的概率.应用结果表明:在太湖流域气候条件稳定的情况下,历史数据越多越精确,预测也就越可靠;以马氏链预测梅雨状态的方法是一种概率预报方法,需通过大量的预测检验才能显示出该方法的准确性和可靠性.     

Alternative stable states explain unpredictable biological control of Salvinia molesta in Kakadu

Suppression of the invasive plant Salvinia molesta by the salvinia weevil is an iconic example of successful biological control. However, in the billabongs (oxbow lakes) of Kakadu National Park, Australia, control is fitful and incomplete. By fitting a process-based nonlinear model to thirteen-year data sets from four billabongs, here we show that incomplete control can be explained by alternative stable states--one state in which salvinia is suppressed and the other in which salvinia escapes weevil control. The shifts between states are associated with annual flooding events. In some years, high water flow reduces weevil populations, allowing the shift from a controlled to an uncontrolled state; in other years, benign conditions for weevils promote the return shift to the controlled state. In most described ecological examples, transitions between alternative stable states are relatively rare, facilitated by slow-moving environmental changes, such as accumulated nutrient loading or climate change. The billabongs of Kakadu give a different manifestation of alternative stable states that generate complex and seemingly unpredictable dynamics. Because shifts between alternative stable states are stochastic, they present a potential management strategy to maximize effective biological control: when the domain of attraction to the state of salvinia control is approached, augmentation of the weevil population or reduction of the salvinia biomass may allow the lower state to trap the system.     

我国动力气候模式预测系统的研制及应用

动力气候模式是目前国际上开展气候预测的主要工具。经过8年多的研制和发展,国家气候中心已建立起第一代动力气候模式预测业务系统,并以此为平台,形成了一套包括月、季节到年际时间尺度的模式预测业务。20年历史回报试验和1年多的试验性业务运行结果表明,该系统对东亚区域的季节预测具有较好的预测能力,其预测结果巳经成为我国短期气候预测业务的重要参考信息。     

35 ka BP climate simulations in East Asia and probing the mechanisms of climate changes

Interglacial or postglacial climates are all of charac-teristic of warmer conditions. However, if condition asso-ciated with the warm feature is wetter or drier than today,it would produce different impacts on natural environ-ments and human society. Quaternary studies found thatclimate with warm-dry or warm-wet conditions had oc-curred in China during the last 40—30 ka BP[1]. For ex-ample, it was warmer than the present during themid-Holocene (3—8 ka BP) and the late phases of MarineIsot…