低碳含铝钢LF炉精炼工艺及精炼渣的优化

针对低碳含铝钢转炉生产的粗钢水[O]含量高和钢水[C]低的特点,提出了采用CaO-Al2O3的LF炉精炼渣系.为兼顾脱硫和吸收同化夹杂的需求,可选取(质量分数)CaO=55%～60%,SiO2=4%-7%,Al2O3=28%～32%,MgO=4%～8%,CaO/Al2O3=1.7～1.9作为LF炉精炼终渣组成.出钢过程中采用渣洗工艺向钢包内加入大部分精炼渣、出钢末期对转炉下渣还原处理的造渣模式,结合足够的软吹Ar时间,对16MnR进行精炼,得到了脱硫率为61.8%,铸坯T[O]为22×10-6,铸坯中大型夹杂总量为15.68mg/10kg钢的良好冶金效果.     

304和321不锈钢连铸水口结瘤的不同机理

分析了304和321不锈钢连铸水口结瘤物的物相,探讨了结瘤机理.结果表明,304水口结瘤物主要由Al2O3,MgO·Al2O3和少量细小的金属颗粒构成,结瘤层较薄,对正常浇铸的影响不显著,控制钢中Al＜0.01%,可改善其结瘤.321连铸水口结瘤有TiN和CaO·TiO2两种类型:TiN型结瘤物主要由TiN和少量金属组成,控制措施是保持钢中钛氮积小于3.5,Al＜0.01%;CaO·TiO2型结瘤物由CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3和大量金属构成,尽可能减少钢中CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3双相夹杂物的数量和避免二次氧化,可改善CaO·TiO2型结瘤,适当提高浇铸温度可缓解CaO·TiO2型结瘤.     

高钙镁钙耐火材料对无取向硅钢中Al质量分数的影响

以合成高钙镁钙砂为原料,制成CaO质量分数分别为40%、50%和60%的高钙镁钙材料,研究不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]质量分数的作用.利用电镜扫描及能谱分析,通过测量了在1 600 ℃反应30 min后镁钙材料反应层中Al和钢水中[Al],分析了不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]变化的影响.结果表明,无取向硅钢中的[Al]首先氧化生成Al2O3,然后,与高钙镁钙材料中CaO反应生成CaO·Al2O3,CaO·2Al2O3,CaO·6Al2O3等铝酸盐化合物,以实现对钢液中[Al]的减少作用;随着高钙镁钙材料中的CaO质量分数的提高,对钢液中[Al]的减少作用增强,但当CaO质量分数达到40%时,各种高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中的[Al]的作用基本达到平衡,此时,钢液中[Al]减少率超过96%.说明质量分数达到40%的CaO高钙镁钙材料可用于无铝无取向硅钢的深脱铝处理.     

超低碳钢顶渣氧化性对钢液洁净度的影响

为探究降低顶渣氧化性对改善超低碳钢钢液洁净度的影响,在转炉终点至中间包过程中,在多位置取炉渣和钢水试样,分别进行炉渣氧化性、钢液成分和夹杂物分析.实验结果表明:转炉出钢后通过对顶渣改质,渣中T.Fe由转炉终点的19.18％降至RH进站时的4.68％,顶渣氧化性降低明显.渣中T.Fe降低导致钢中[O]的降低,T.Fe较低的炉次平均吹氧量较大,使得铝脱氧前钢中[O]较高.RH结束渣T.Fe与夹杂物数量呈线性关系,T.Fe越低夹杂物数量越少,同时RH结束后夹杂物数量与铝脱氧前钢中[O]无必然关系.顶渣(CaO)/(Al2O3)会影响其吸收Al2O3夹杂物的能力,(CaO)/(Al2 O3)控制不合理的炉次,其夹杂物数量也较多.通过降低顶渣氧化性,热轧板卷缺陷率得到明显降低.     

冶炼65钢夹杂物控制的实践

冶炼过程中产生的夹杂物对65钢(C:0.62～0.70、Si:0.17 ～0.37、Mn:0.50～0.80)性能有较大影响,采用扫描电子显微镜分析了不同生产阶段65钢中夹杂物,结果表明,转炉出钢钢样中氧化物夹杂主要为FeO·CaO·SiO2、Al2O3·CaO·SiO2和SiO2·MnO,喂线前钢样中氧化物夹杂主要为CaO·SiO2·Al2O3和SiO2·MnO·Al2O3,中间包钢样中的氧化物夹杂主要为CaO · Al2O3 MnO·SiO2 · FeO和MnO · Al2O3·FeO,盘条中氧化物夹杂主要为CaO ·Al2O3型和CaO·CaS·MnS复合夹杂物.加强合金脱氧、优化钙处理、提高水口氩封和优质保护渣,可促进钢中夹杂物的控制和去除.     

高钙镁钙耐火材料对无取向硅钢中Al质量分数的影响

以合成高钙镁钙砂为原料,制成CaO质量分数分别为40%、50%和60%的高钙镁钙材料,研究不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]质量分数的作用。利用电镜扫描及能谱分析,通过测量了在1600℃反应30 min后镁钙材料反应层中Al和钢水中[Al],分析了不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]变化的影响。结果表明,无取向硅钢中的[Al]首先氧化生成Al2O3,然后,与高钙镁钙材料中CaO反应生成CaO.Al2O3,CaO.2Al2O3,CaO.6Al2O3等铝酸盐化合物,以实现对钢液中[Al]的减少作用;随着高钙镁钙材料中的CaO质量分数的提高,对钢液中[Al]的减少作用增强,但当CaO质量分数达到40%时,各种高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中的[Al]的作用基本达到平衡,此时,钢液中[Al]减少率超过96%。说明质量分数达到40%的CaO高钙镁钙材料可用于无铝无取向硅钢的深脱铝处理。     

38CrMoAl高铝钢钢水可浇性控制

38CrMoAl高铝钢由于Al含量较高([Al]=0.7%～1.1%,质量分数),在连铸过程中容易导致水口的堵塞,因此需要对钢中Al2O3夹杂物进行形态控制,保证钢水的可浇性.热力学计算和实验研究结果显示:钢中高含量的Al对渣中即使少量的SiO2都具有较强的还原性;不采用传统的精炼喂钙线工艺,而进行转炉出钢过程渣洗操作,能将高熔点的Al2O3转变为低熔点的球状钙铝酸盐夹杂.同时,采用CaO--Al2O3基中间包覆盖剂,以避免钢渣反应导致钢中夹杂物含量增加.工业性试验结果表明,钢水洁净度较高,可浇性好,连续浇注5炉后,水口内壁基本无结瘤现象.     

铝热自蔓延制备CuCr合金渣系的粘度测量及模型建立(Ⅰ)

根据Al2O3基渣系的结构特点将S.C.Du和S.Seetharaman等人的粘度数学模型应用于非二氧化硅体系,建立了针对铝热反应测量渣系粘度的模型·根据添加剂选择原则结合相图研究了CaO Al2O3和CaO Al2O3 MgO体系作为铝热自蔓延制备CuCr合金渣系组分的可行性·由实验测量值和模型计算值比较分析,该模型处理以Al2O3为基体的渣系是成功的·     

精炼渣成分与轴承钢夹杂物类型关系热力学分析

针对轴承钢中钙铝酸盐大型夹杂物的控制问题,通过计算GCr15轴承钢中尖晶石MgO·Al2 O3、钙的铝酸盐CaO·6Al2 O3夹杂物生成热力学,分析精炼渣成分与夹杂物类型之间的定量关系.结果表明：当钢水中含有质量分数0.10×10-6的溶解钙[Ca]时,只要溶解镁[Mg]质量分数小于10×10-6,MgO·Al2O3就会被[Ca]还原成 CaO·6Al2O3;当精炼渣碱度为7.04,(MgO)质量分数为1.38%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低56%,夹杂物以尺寸大于10μm的CaO-Al2O3系复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣碱度为3.75,(MgO)质量分数3.14%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低14%,夹杂物以尺寸小于8μm的MnS包裹MgO·Al2 O3复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣钙铝比C/A为1.8~2.0时,控制精炼渣碱度R为4.5~5.5,(MgO)质量分数为3%~5%,即能使钢中MgO·Al2O3保持稳定而不转变为CaO·6Al2O3.     

CaO-Al2O3和CaO-SiO2-Al2O3渣系中组元活度的计算

根据分子和离子共存理论,建立了CaO-Al2O3和CaO-SiO2-Al2O3渣系的活度计算模型,并利用模型对渣中各组元的活度进行了计算,分析了w(CaO)对渣中组元活度的影响.结果表明,在CaO-Al2O3渣系中,当w(CaO)小于45%时,随着w(CaO)的增加,3CaO·Al2O3和12CaO·7Al2O3的活度不断升高,而CaO·Al2O3的活度变化不大;当w(CaO)大于45%时,随着w(CaO)的增加,CaO·Al2O3和12CaO·7Al2O3的活度不断降低,而3CaO·Al2O3的活度则略有升高.在CaO-SiO2-Al2O3渣系中,12CaO·7Al2O3的活度低于其在CaO-Al2O3渣系中的活度,随着w(CaO)的增加,CaO和3CaO·Al2O3的活度不断升高,2CaO·SiO2的活度则不断降低,CaO·Al2O3的活度呈现先升高后降低的趋势.     

Thermodynamic analysis on the formation mechanism of MgO·Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> spinel type inclusions in casing steel

MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel type inclusions in casing steel were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that there are three forms. One is pure MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel, another is the composite oxide of the Mg-Al-Ca-Si-O system, and the third is the complex with oxide as a core covered by sulfide. The formation mechanisms were studied. The influences of slag basicity and vacuum degree on the magnesium content during the vacuum treatment of molten steel and furnace lining in molten steel were calculated with the coexistence theory of slag structure. The results show that the magnesium content increases with the increase in slag basicity and aluminum content in molten steel, and decreases with the increase in CO partial pressure.     

Effect of slag composition on the cleanliness of 28MnCr5 gear steel in the refining processes

The equilibrium reaction between CaO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂—MgO slag and 28MnCr5 molten steel was calculated to obtain the suitable slag composition which is effective for decreasing the oxygen content in molten steel. The dissolved oxygen content [O] in molten steel under different top slag conditions was calculated using a thermodynamic model and was measured using an electromotive force method in slag–steel equilibrium experiments at 1873 K. The relations among [O], the total oxygen content (T.O), and the composition of the slag were investigated. The experimental results show that both [O] and T.O decrease with decreasing SiO₂ content of the slag and exhibit different trends with the changes in the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of the slag. Increasing the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio results in a decrease in [O] and an increase in T.O. To ensure that T.O ≤ 20 ppm and [O] ≤ 10 ppm, the SiO₂ content should be controlled to <5wt%, and the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio should be in the range from 1.2 to 1.6.     

不同碱度精炼渣系对弹簧钢夹杂物的影响

哈贝马斯对《启蒙辩证法》的否定性解读,使得该著中的拯救逻辑遭到歪曲。由哈贝马斯的解读所延伸出的对《启蒙辩证法》拯救逻辑的美学化和精神分析化的重构与阿多尔诺的哲学思想相矛盾,由此我们必须重新反思哈贝马斯的解读模式。《启蒙辩证法》并非仅仅局限于工具理性批判,它通过有规定的否定达到了对现代启蒙当中现实权力因素的内在批判,它因此并没有彻底否定启蒙也没有重新树立新的乌托邦。对自然的回忆的拯救逻辑意味着思想必须对自身展开批判,以达到重新正视社会现实中的苦难现象,从而解构抽象主体的优先地位。     

Mineral-phase evolution and sintering behavior of MO-SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3 (M=Ca,Ba) glass-ceramics by low-temperature liquid-phase sintering

In this work, network former SiO₂ and network intermediate Al₂O₃ were introduced into typical low-melting binary compositions CaO·B₂O₃, CaO·2B₂O₃, and BaO·B₂O₃ via an aqueous solid-state suspension milling route. Accordingly, multiple-phase aluminosilicate glass-ceramics were directly obtained via liquid-phase sintering at temperatures below 950℃. On the basis of liquid-phase sintering theory, mineral-phase evolutions and glass-phase formations were systematically investigated in a wide MO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ (M=Ca, Ba) composition range. The results indicate that major mineral phases of the aluminosilicate glass-ceramics are Al₂₀B₄O₃₆, CaAl₂Si₂O₈, and BaAl₂Si₂O₈ and that the glass-ceramic materials are characterized by dense microstructures and excellent dielectric properties.     

Al2O3对高炉渣物化性能影响的理论分析

随着优质铁矿资源的消耗,钢铁企业可利用的铁矿原料品位逐渐降低。因此,高铝质铁矿资源越来越受到钢铁企业的关注,但高铝原料在高炉冶炼过程中会带来渣铁黏稠、炉温偏低、冶炼安全等一系列问题。本研究中采用FactSage热力学软件分析Al₂O₃质量分数对高炉渣平衡物相、熔化温度、相析出温度的影响以及高铝渣液相区变化和黏度变化,旨在为高炉冶炼高铝原料提供一定的基础支撑。研究发现：炉渣为低铝（5%～10%）含量时,随着Al₂O₃含量增加,炉渣熔化温度升高,析出相为黄长石相和纯物质相,高炉渣黏度变化不大,炉渣中SiO₂含量高,炉渣黏度过高,不适合高炉冶炼;炉渣为中铝（10%～15%）含量时,随着Al₂O₃含量增加,炉渣熔化温度升高,析出相为尖晶石相、黄长石相和纯物质相,高炉渣黏度增加幅度略有提高,Al₂O₃含量对高炉渣性质影响较小,增加炉渣二元碱度对炉渣黏度降低效果较明显;炉渣为高铝（15%～30%）含量时...     

Modification of MgO·Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> spinel inclusions in Al-killed steel by Ca-treatment

The modification of MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel inclusions in Al-killed steel by Ca-treatment has been studied by industrial trials and thermodynamic calculations. In the industrial trials, samples were taken systematically during the refining process in which the molten steel was treated by calcium, and the characters of the inclusions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectra (EDS). The effects of Ca-treatment were evaluated by tracking the compositions of the inclusions. The results show that the modification of MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel inclusions by Ca-treatment is effective and the transformation sequence of the inclusions during the refining is Al₂O₃→MgO·Al₂O₃→liquid complex inclusions. The modification of spinel inclusions by Ca-treatment was calculated by FactSage6.0 utilizing its free-energy minimization routines. The results of thermodynamic calculations indicate that spinel inclusions are easier to be modified than Al₂O₃ inclusions and the spinel inclusions in 30CrMo steel would transform to liquid complex inclusions when the content of dissolved Ca in the molten steel exceeds 1×10⁻⁶. Also, the results show that adding more calcium into the molten steel would lower the contents of Al₂O₃ and MgO and increase the CaO content of the inclusions, while the change in SiO₂ content is little.     

高铝钢精炼渣的热力学计算与分析

为了在高铝钢中得到最低的溶解氧含量,必须找到CaO-Al2O3-MgO体系中Al2O3活度最低点的位置。因此,利用炉渣结构的共存理论,结合CaO-Al2O3-MgO相图,利用Matlab软件计算了CaO-Al2O3-MgO体系中Al2O3活度。通过对不同模型计算出的CaO-Al2O3渣系中Al2O3活度值比较,表明其变化趋势基本相同。由共存理论对CaO-Al2O3-MgO体系中Al2O3活度进行计算得到,在一定的MgO含量下,随着CaO含量增加,炉渣中Al2O3活度降低;在一定的CaO含量下,随着MgO含量增加,炉渣中Al2O3活度降低,且Al2O3活度最低值在CaO和MgO均达饱和的区域。     

Formation mechanism of calcium hexaluminate

To investigate the formation mechanism of calcium hexaluminate (CaAl₁₂O₁₉, CA₆), the analytically pure alumina and calcia used as raw materials were mixed in CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio of 12.57:137.43 by mass. The raw materials were ball-milled and shaped into green specimens, and fired at 1300–1600°C. Then, the phase composition and microstructure evolution of the fired specimen were studied, and a first principle calculation was performed. The results show that in the reaction system of CaO and Al₂O₃, a small amount of CA₆ forms at 1300°C, and greater amounts are formed at 1400°C and higher temperatures. The reaction is as follows: CaO·2Al₂O₃ (CA₂) + 4Al₂O₃ → CA₆. The diffusions of Ca2+ in CA₂ towards Al₂O₃ and Al3+ in Al₂O₃ towards CA₂ change the structures in different degrees of difficulty. Compared with the difficulty of structural change and the corresponding lattice energy change, it is deduced that the main formation mechanism is the diffusion of Ca2+ in CA₂ towards Al₂O₃.     

Acting mechanism of F,K, and Na in the solid phase sintering reaction of the Baiyunebo iron ore

The effect of F, K, and Na on the solid phase reaction of the Baiyunebo iron ore was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It has been identified that alkaline elements K and Na in the Baiyunebo ore instigate the formation of low melting point compounds Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂O·Fe₂O₃ and the generation of molten state in the solid phase sintering. Element F in the Baiyunebo ore facilitates the formation of cuspidine compound 3CaO·2SiO₂·CaF₂ in the solid phase reaction. The cuspidine compound is kept in solid as one of the final products through the entire sintering process due to its high melting point. In the sintering process, CaF₂ and SiO₂ react with CaO first and form 3CaO·2SiO₂·CaF₂ and 3CaO·2SiO₂, so the formation of ferrites, Na₂O·Fe₂O₃, and 2CaO·Fe₂O₃ is inhibited.     

Clogging behavior of submerged entry nozzles for Ti-bearing IF steel

The nozzle clogging behavior of Ti-bearing IF steel was studied by metallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to the experimental results, nozzle clogging primarily appears three layers. There are a lot of large-sized iron particles in the inner layer and mainly slag phase in the middle and outer layers. The principal clog constituents of the inner layer are loose alumina cluster inclusions and granular shaped alumina inclusions, containing iron particles. The clog constituents of the middle layer are mainly dendrite alumina inclusions. The primary phases existing in nozzle clogging are FeO·TiO₂ and FeO·Al₂O₃ besides α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe. The FeO·TiO₂ phases among the deposits adhere the deposits together firmly enough to lead to the inferior castability of Ti-bearing ultra low carbon steel compared with that of Ti-free low carbon Al-killed steel.