基于行为经济学前景理论的出行决策

考虑出行环境不确定性和出行者有限理性的特点,应用行为经济学中的前景理论分析出行决策行为,引入拥堵收费和票价折扣作为变量,建立改进的出行决策模型。将出行方式划分为公共交通和私人交通两类,引入政府参与管理因素,探讨不同交通需求管理政策干预下出行者的决策行为,通过算例分析了不同政策标准对出行决策行为的影响程度。结果表明：同时引进拥堵收费和票价折扣政策,拥堵收费超过22元时,出行者的决策结果发生改变。合理设置拥堵收费和票价折扣标准可以促进更多出行者选择公共交通出行。     

通行政策导向下节假日出行结构动态演化博弈

采用演化博弈理论的Logit动态机制建立出行方式选择的Logit动态模型,并进行了模型平衡点和演化稳定性分析以及参数分析,最后通过数值算例对比分析交通政策(包括公路收费、公路免费和公路扩建三种政策/措施)导向下的出行方式选择演化过程和演化稳定趋势.结果表明,出行方式选择的Logit动态演化系统存在唯一的演化稳定策略;交通政策/措施通过调整公路拥堵延误成本和调整出行方式固有成本差异来影响出行方式选择行为,并且后者比前者具有更显著的效果;高速公路免费通行政策既显著地达到了缓解铁路运力紧张的目的,同时兼顾了交通管理者和出行者的利益,但是可能造成高速公路交通拥堵;新政策的实施往往因为出行者的有限理性而表现出时滞效应.     

考虑出行者异质性的高铁站到达方式选择

出行者到达枢纽站的交通方式效用是交通出行选择的重要因素;另一方面,出行者方式的偏好具有显著的异质性,传统的离散选择模型不能很好地解释出行者异质性.本研究利用潜在类别条件Logit模型研究高铁站出行者的出行选择行为.潜在类别条件Logit模型考虑出行者异质性,在对出行者进行潜在类别划分的同时得到不同类别的出行者的出行行为效用函数.研究结果表明,将出行者划分为3个类别.不同类别出行者在步行时间、车内时间、价格、公交偏好、地铁偏好等方面具有显著差异.此外,出行者小汽车拥有情况、月收入等个人属性以及灵活性、舒适性、可靠性等潜在心理变量会影响出行者的类别划分.     

考虑出行者选择偏好的出行方式选择模型

构建合理的出行方式选择模型是精确预测出行结构的关键.在现实出行条件中,不同出行者对于不同交通方式存在固有选择偏好,从而表现出一种非完全理性的出行方式选择行为.为进一步提高出行方式选择模型的预测结果精度,提出了一种考虑理性决策和固有选择偏好共同影响的出行方式选择模型.双因素共同作用决定出行者的出行方式选择结果,两者的影响权重与出行者对于备选方案的心理参考值有关.备选方案的特征变量数值与心理参考值差值绝对值较小时,选择行为更多地受到固有偏好的影响,反之,则更多地受到理性决策的影响.分析对比结果表明,所提出模型在出行方式选择结果的预测命中率上优于以完全理性决策为前提的传统分层Logit模型的预测结果.     

汽油价格上调影响下出行者出行方式选择

为分析汽油价格上调对居民出行方式选择行为的影响,对城市居民出行者进行调查,获取不同情境下出行者的出行方式选择行为,将出行者划分为有车出行者和未来五年内有购车意愿的无车出行者,采用混合Logit模型构建两种群体在汽油价格上调影响下的出行方式选择模型,分析各影响因素的显著性。研究结果表明：汽油价格增长率对出行者出行方式选择存在显著性影响;对于有车出行者来说,汽油价格的上涨对高收入出行者改变小汽车出行影响较小,收入与选择小汽车出行概率呈正相关;年龄、收入、出行时间与出行距离对无车出行者未来选择小汽车出行有显著影响。研究结果可为我国汽油价格调整和城市交通需求管理策略的制定提供理论依据。     

基于多区域人群的上海公交走廊出行行为

基于上海市公共交通走廊内的乘客出行调查,利用离散选择理论,建立了现状调查/假设意愿调查(RP/SP)融合数据的Nested Logit模型.通过模型参数标定、敏感性分析从定性、定量两个角度研究了在城市公交走廊内,来自不同区域的出行者对于公共交通方式的出行行为及影响因素;在此基础上,分析了模型在不同空间范围内的转移适用性;最后,通过算例进行分析和验证.通过研究可知,在城市公交走廊内,影响出行者选择行为的因素不尽相同,其区域差异性不容忽视;其次,不同区域的出行者对于各公交方式的偏好存在较大差异;再次,不同区域的出行者在走廊内选择交通方式时,对于同一影响因素的敏感性有所不同.从数据获取、模型建立、标定分析及仿真验证四个步骤逐次展开,提出了针对不同区域出行者在城市公交走廊选择行为的基本方法和必要性,对未来城市公共交通走廊的规划和改进提供新的思路和方向.     

城市公共交通出行方式选择的演化博弈分析

在传统的交通方式划分中通常采用logit模型来确定客流分担率,但是该模型忽略了在做出行方式决策时出行者之间的相互影响。因此考虑出行者之间相互影响的前提下研究出行者的出行方式决策很有必要。本文在将出行者定义为有限理性人的基础上,利用演化博弈理论得到了城市轨道交通和常规公交各自的分担率,分析了票价对城市轨道交通的分担率的影响。同时也为分担率的确定提供了一种新方法。     

基于时间价值的随机用户出行决策模型研究

出行者一次出行经历了是否出行、终点选择、交通方式选择、路径选择四个决策过程.首先考虑时间价值不同这个因素,给出了基于时间价值的广义费用;然后建立随机用户出行决策模型,该模型描述了出行者的四个出行决策行为,即模型的一阶条件与四个出行决策的条件等价;其次证明了模型的一阶条件满足出行决策条件,最后给出模型算法.由于考虑了时间价值这个因素,因而模型能更准确描述出行者的出行行为.     

基于活动分析法的城市慢行交通出行行为

提出了基于活动分析法建立慢行交通出行二元Logit选择模型,根据慢行出行方式的特性,对慢行活动类型进行划分,确定慢行活动选择的影响因素。通过对影响因素变量的计算,得到各影响因素在不同慢行活动类型下的慢行交通方式选择概率。研究结果表明:各种影响因素对慢行活动的选择有不同程度的影响;在弹性需求和短途交通活动条件下,慢行交通出行具有较大的优势。以陕西省渭南市慢行交通出行现状调查数据为例完成实证分析,表明慢行交通行为研究中应用活动分析法是可行的。     

考虑出行者异质性的绿色出行行为研究

交通限行政策和推广纯电动汽车是实现绿色交通的重要途径.为定量分析出行者环保意识对绿色出行行为的影响,基于出行者环保态度和环保行为,利用潜在类别分析模型对出行者进行潜在类别划分;将出行者的潜在类别作为解释变量带入双变量Probit模型中,分析出行者潜在类别和其他因素对私家车限行政策赞同度和纯电动车意愿购买的影响.研究结果表明:基于出行者环保态度和环保行为,出行者可划分为环境友好者、环境中立者、伪环境友好者三类群体;在出行者绿色出行行为中,带入出行者类别能够显著提高模型的拟合度;出行者潜在类别对绿色交通出行行为具有显著影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the