油砂SAGD开发过程中面临的夹层问题

麦凯河油藏岩心资料表明油砂储层含有不等厚度、延伸范围和频率的低物性夹层,其对SAGD生产动态和蒸汽腔发育特征的影响成为关注的焦点。为此,根据夹层含量和分布位置划分四类SAGD井组;以此为研究对象,开展三维数值模拟研究沿程和垂向剖面蒸汽腔发育特征,并利用二维数值模拟对夹层位置、厚度和宽度等因素进行敏感性分析。研究认为,相比井组上方夹层,井间夹层对SAGD生产动态不利影响更大;延长预热时间并不能改善SAGD开发效果;夹层主要是阻碍了蒸汽上升通道以及冷凝蒸汽和加热原油的泄流通道,导致沿程蒸汽腔发育不均匀。     

泥岩夹层对SAGD开发效果的影响

结合哈浅1块SAGD先导试验区油藏参数,提出了17种泥岩夹层分布模型,基于油藏数值模拟讨论了不同泥岩夹层分布模型对SAGD蒸汽腔扩展和开发效果的影响。研究结果表明：夹层对上部油层具有阻碍作用,但其只阻碍物质交换、不阻碍热量传递;不同的泥岩夹层分布模型对蒸汽腔扩展影响不同,夹层渗透率、夹层面积和夹层位置对蒸汽腔扩展影响显著,夹层厚度影响效果不明显。应用回归分析的方法,建立了SAGD采出程度与夹层物性的定量表征关系。     

泥岩夹层对蒸汽辅助重力驱油开发效果的影响

结合哈浅1块蒸汽辅助重力驱油(SAGD)先导试验区油藏参数,提出了17种泥岩夹层分布模型。基于油藏数值模拟,讨论了不同泥岩夹层分布模型对SAGD蒸汽腔扩展和开发效果的影响。研究结果表明:夹层对上部油层具有阻碍作用;但其只阻碍物质交换、不阻碍热量传递。不同的泥岩夹层分布模型对蒸汽腔扩展影响不同,夹层渗透率、夹层面积和夹层位置对蒸汽腔扩展影响显著,夹层厚度影响效果不明显。应用回归分析的方法,建立了SAGD采出程度与夹层物性的定量表征关系。     

相对低/高渗区对SAGD传热传质影响数值模拟研究

为了研究相对低/高渗透区对SAGD传热传质的影响,针对六种常见的渗透率分布模式,利用油藏数值模拟方法建立SAGD数值模型,并对比分析了蒸汽腔发育和含油饱和度变化特征。结果表明：当平面方向相对低渗区物性一定时,其距离SAGD井对越近,对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展的抑制作用就越强,SAGD传热传质非对称性越明显;平面方向相对高渗区的存在对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展具有促进作用,且相对高渗区距离SAGD井对越远,促进作用就越小,SAGD传热传质非对称性程度也越弱;从整体上来看,当垂直方向相对低渗区靠近SAGD井对时,它对整个蒸汽腔发育起抑制作用,而当它远离SAGD井对时,反而会加速蒸汽腔侧向和向下发育。     

超稠油驱泄复合立体开发关键参数研究与探讨

SAGD 开采技术是超稠油油藏吞吐后大幅度提高采收率技术之一,目前已经在辽河油田成功应用,但实施过程中受连续油层厚度及隔夹层的影响,蒸汽腔难以扩展至夹层上部,造成油层动用程度低、油汽比低,制约了SAGD 开采规模进一步扩大。针对此项关键问题,应用物理模拟及数值模拟方法,提出了超稠油驱泄复合立体开发技术,揭示了驱泄复合水平驱动与重力泄油的开采机理、探讨了隔夹层岩性及分布、夹层对SAGD 的影响及封隔能力、驱泄复合实施技术界限,并提出了立体开发井网形式,为驱泄复合开采技术的发展完善提供了技术借鉴。     

泡沫辅助SAGD开发特征

应用数值模拟及Surfer制图软件绘制蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)和泡沫辅助SAGD(FA-SAGD)在均质和非均质油藏中温度场分布图,对不同开发方式下蒸汽腔扩展过程进行直观、形象地描述,并对比两种开发方式的开发效果。结果表明:FA-SAGD蒸汽腔横向扩展速度大于SAGD,垂向扩展速度小于SAGD,FA-SAGD蒸汽腔主要作用于油层中部,蒸汽腔与盖层接触面积较小,盖层热损失较小;非均质储层SAGD开发过程中,蒸汽易沿高渗透层窜流,蒸汽腔在水平井筒方向不均匀扩展,FA-SAGD开发过程中,由于泡沫对蒸汽沿高渗层窜流的调控作用,蒸汽腔在地层内的扩展更为均匀,可以减小产出能量和盖层热损失,提高生产油汽比和采收率。     

隔夹层对直井水平井SAGD发开效果的影响

辽河油田兴VI组SGAD先导试验区储层中由于隔夹层的存在,使得直井水平井SAGD蒸汽腔扩展以及开发效果受到影响。在分析试验区地质特征的基础上,通过建立理论模型的方法,研究了SAGD过程中夹隔层对蒸汽腔的扩展规律、含水率以及开采程度的影响。研究结果表明：隔夹层仅在SAGD开发初期对蒸汽腔的扩展产生一定的影响,导致井组含水高、产量低,蒸汽腔的斜面比较粗糙,使得其泄油面增长。但总体上不会影响蒸汽腔的形成以及SAGD开发的最终采收率,只是在刚形成蒸汽腔时对其局部的扩展起到了一定的减缓作用,导致各阶段的生产时间不一样。采用在直井与水平井之间以重力泄油为主,在直井与直井之间是以蒸汽驱为主的复合开发方式,在注汽井隔夹层上下同射,直井辅助生产,实现SAGD与蒸汽驱联合驱开采的方式,可以有效地降低隔夹层在SAGD开发中的影响。     

相对低/高渗区对蒸汽辅助重力泄油传热传质影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究相对低/高渗透区对蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)传热传质的影响,针对6种常见的渗透率分布模式,利用油藏数值模拟方法建立SAGD数值模型,并对比分析了蒸汽腔发育和含油饱和度变化特征。结果表明:当平面方向相对低渗区物性一定时,其距离SAGD井对越近,对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展的抑制作用就越强,SAGD传热传质非对称性越明显;平面方向相对高渗区的存在对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展具有促进作用,且相对高渗区距离SAGD井对越远,促进作用就越小,SAGD传热传质非对称性程度也越弱;从整体上来看,当垂直方向相对低渗区靠近SAGD井对时,它对整个蒸汽腔发育起抑制作用,而当它远离SAGD井对时,反而会加速蒸汽腔侧向和向下发育。     

超稠油油藏EBIP厚度变化模式对SAGD的影响

SAGD技术是一种非常具有潜力的稠油开发方式,已在超稠油/油砂开发中取得了良好效果。由于储层沉积原因,SAGD水平井段对应的EBIP有效储层厚度通常会发生变化,使得SAGD井组开发效果差异明显。为了明确EBIP厚度沿水平井段变化对SAGD生产的影响,以加拿大Long Lake油田地质特征为基础,构建了3种典型EBIP厚度变化模式,建立了SAGD数值模拟机理模型,分析讨论了沿程EBIP变化模式和厚度差对SAGD蒸汽腔突破、日产油、累计汽油比和采出程度的影响,明确了EBIP厚度变化对SAGD生产影响的界限。研究表明,在储层总厚度相同下,阶梯状EBIP变化模式峰值产油速度和采出程度最低,其他两种方式生产特征相近;阶梯状EBIP模式下,厚度差64 m为优,4<厚度差<10 m为良,厚度差>10 m为差;两厚一薄和两薄一厚EBIP模式,厚度差<7 m为优,厚度差>7 m对SAGD生产影响大。     

泥页岩夹层对SAGD开发效果的影响

SAGD开发效果对储层非均质性十分敏感,泥页岩夹层对双水平井SAGD的泄油通道有一定的影响。以新疆风城某SAGD区块为研究目标区,建立了表征注采井间及井对上方夹层的多因素油藏数模模型,分别模拟了不同夹层展布形态、水平及垂向位置下的SAGD开发效果并进行对比研究,得到了夹层非均质油藏SAGD部署的临界夹层展布形态特征参数。同时可通过产油曲线所展现的典型特征,反推出诸如泥页岩夹层长度以及垂向位置等夹层展布情况,从而进一步掌握目标层系的地质体系结构,对指导下一步双水平井SAGD部署,规避地质风险,实现SAGD高效开发具有重要指导意义。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.