球形容器泄爆收容的实验分析

为研究气体爆炸泄爆收容过程中爆炸容器和收容容器内的压力变化规律及其影响因素,对球形容器在不同收容容器和爆炸容器体积比以及不同导管长度条件下的泄爆收容过程经行了实验研究。结果表明：收容容器体积越大,爆炸容器的压力峰值越小,爆炸压力下降的速度越快;收容容器的体积达到或超过爆炸容器体积的5倍时,接近敞开泄爆的压力峰值;泄爆导管的长度越长,爆炸容器的压力峰值越小;收容泄爆时,火焰的传播速率随着导管传播距离增加而降低,泄爆口处火焰传播速率最高。     

连通容器泄爆过程的CFD模拟

利用Fluent软件对连通容器泄爆过程中的气体爆炸流场进行数值模拟,获得气体爆炸过程的温度场和压力场,模拟结果能较清晰地反映泄爆过程。研究表明:连通容器泄爆时起爆容器的火焰高度均高于传爆容器,容器内温度随着泄爆时间的延长逐渐上升,泄爆口开启后又迅速下降;在泄爆初期,起爆容器的压力均低于传爆容器的压力,小球内压力衰减速度大于大球内压力衰减速度。     

泄爆外部压力变化特性的影响因素

为了研究可燃性气体爆炸泄爆过程中,不同因素对容器外部压力变化特性的影响,利用0.022和0.113 m3 2个球形容器进行了一系列实验。实验结果给出了不同容器容积、泄爆面积、容器结构和形式条件下容器外部压力发展历史：容器容积减小,会导致泄爆容器外部的峰值压力增大,压力变化更为迅速,持续冲击时间减小;泄爆口直径在0~0.04 m范围内增加,容器外部最大压力上升速率及峰值压力均相应增大,呈现上升的趋势但非线性,存在一个增加程度先减小后增大的驻点;容器结构和形式对泄爆过程产生显著的影响,相对于单个容器,连通容器外部峰值压力、最大压力上升速率均有较大提高;连通容器泄爆时,跟大容器泄爆相比,小容积泄爆外部最大峰值压力较大,最大压力上升速率较小。     

容器内气体爆炸带导管泄爆的实验研究

利用1个球形容器和3节相同尺寸的圆形管道建立了实验系统,并开展相关实验,研究容器内气体爆炸带导管泄爆过程的机制。结果表明:安装泄爆导管增加了容器爆炸强度;破膜激波使导管入口处压力上升,射流火焰点燃导管入口处未燃气体产生二次爆炸,导致容器内及导管入口处压力突变;一定范围内,导管长度越长,容器及管道内的压力峰值越大;有导管存在时,尾部点火容器内的压力峰值及导管入口处的压力峰值都高于中心点火的情况,且尾部点火导管前部分的火焰传播速率高于中心点火的情况;无论尾部点火还是中心点火导管入口处的压力峰值都高于导管出口处的压力峰值。     

球形容器在弯管条件下的泄爆收容

为了考察弯管对泄爆收容过程的影响,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对球形容器内可燃气体爆炸通过不同角度弯管泄放到另一球形容器的泄爆收容过程进行了研究。结果表明:泄爆收容时,由于高速气流和喷射火焰的作用,大部分进入导管内的未燃气体发生湍流燃烧,部分未燃气体随压力波到达收容容器内;泄爆收容过程中,起爆容器内压力受弯管角度的影响不大,而收容容器内压力随着弯管角度的增加不断下降。当采用90°弯管时,收容容器内的压力峰值最小为0.432 MPa。     

丝网结构对容器管道开口系统气体爆炸的影响

为研究丝网结构对容器管道开口系统气体爆炸的影响,通过改变丝网结构的层数和目数,对连接有一段管道的球形容器进行实验。研究发现,当系统处于开口状态时,在管道处加入具有抑爆效果的丝网后,容器内最大泄爆压力增大,且最大泄爆压力随着丝网层数以及丝网目数的增加而增大。建立数学模型对容器内部最大泄爆压力进行拟合,通过拟合公式发现,丝网层数对容器管道开口系统气体爆炸时的最大泄爆压力有一定的影响,并且开始时最大泄爆压力随着丝网层数的增加而增加,随后丝网结构对最大泄爆压力的影响逐渐减小,最大泄爆压力趋于稳定。     

管道障碍物对连通容器内气体爆炸的影响

对管道内存在障碍物时的连通容器气体爆炸进行研究,与管道内没有障碍物时的情况进行对比,考察管道内障碍物的位置和内径对连通容器压力变化的影响,分析不同条件下连通容器内气体爆炸的压力变化规律。结果表明:管道内障碍物加速了连通容器内气体反应的进行,且随着管道障碍物内径的变大,传爆容器的燃爆压力峰值先变大后变小;改变障碍物的位置,障碍物离起爆容器越近,传爆容器越早到达燃爆压力峰值。传爆容器内气体爆炸产生的压力波在管道内经过障碍物时,压力波有一定程度的削弱。障碍物在连通容器爆炸过程中起的主要作用:增加气体扰动,增强湍流强度,从而加速反应;阻碍压力波传播,削弱压力波强度。     

球形容器泄爆过程影响因素的数值模拟

为了研究球形容器内气体泄爆过程的影响因素及压力传播的基本规律,从能量守恒方程、质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程及化学组分平衡方程出发,建立了泄爆的数学模型,采用k-ε湍流模型和涡耗散概念模型即EDC燃烧模型,利用Fluent软件对该过程进行数值模拟,得到泄爆过程中不同时刻监测点的压力。用响应面曲线的方法讨论泄孔比、泄爆压力、容器体积对球形容器泄爆过程的影响,结果表明:泄孔比越大,危险系数越大;破膜压力过大或过小都将增大危险性;容器体积越大,越容易产生危险。因此,实际球形容器防爆泄压中,合理控制泄爆孔径、破膜压力和容器体积将对泄爆过程中产生的影响及泄爆效果至关重要。     

球形容器泄爆及其外部伤害效应

为了研究球形容器泄爆及其外部伤害效应,利用小球容器和大球容器建立了2种尺寸的球形容器泄爆测试系统。在研究球形容器泄爆内部压力变化特性时,利用大、小球容器分别开展了无膜泄爆和泄爆片泄爆2种实验,得到了如下结论:当大、小球容器泄爆时,随着泄爆口直径的增加,最大泄爆压力减小,压力上升速率减小,正压持续时间减小;当无量纲化泄压比较小时,无膜泄爆峰值压力随泄压比的增大而减小,且呈线性变化。在研究球形容器泄爆外部伤害效应时,分别进行了大、小球容器压力伤害范围实验,获取了大、小球容器泄爆口周围空间不同位置处的压力峰值,并结合超压伤害阈值标准,判断其对人员的伤害作用,从而划定了压力伤害的范围。     

采用泄爆管泄放气体爆炸的数值模拟

采用k-ε湍流模型和涡耗散概念模型（EDC）,建立泄爆管泄放气体爆炸的模型,并模拟泄爆过程中火焰的传播过程。分析点火位置、泄爆压力（Pv）、泄爆管尺寸和结构对容器内爆炸超压(P_red)和压力上升速率的影响。结果表明:泄爆管内的气体爆炸是导致P_red异常上升的原因;P_red与Pv存在线性递增关系;泄爆管管长的增大或管径的减小均会增大P_red,且管径对其的影响更显著;泄爆管与容器之间采用平滑过渡的方式可降低P_red,但增大平滑过渡半径会使P_red上升;总泄爆面积相同时,采用2根泄爆管可降低P_red,但两管的位置对P_red的影响不显著。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.