形变量和冷却速度对低碳微合金管线钢晶粒细化的影响

以管线钢X52为研究对象,在Gleeble1500热模拟机上,主要进行了在奥氏体未再结晶区不同形变量和冷却速度对X52的相变行为及显微组织影响的研究·通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析技术可以发现,随形变量和冷却速度的增加,晶粒明显变细·实验结果表明,在奥氏体未再结晶区轧制可以大大地增加铁素体的形核位置,使晶粒细化;同时冷却速度的增大,使铁素体的形核驱动力加大,形核率增加,也使晶粒明显细化·另外,与低碳钢不同的是,在铁素体晶粒边界和铁素体晶粒内部可以观察到有第二相的析出,在奥氏体未再结晶区轧制时,第二相的析出可以抑制再结晶,并且,析出物的存在不仅阻碍位错的运...     

热轧Nb微合金化TRIP钢高温区变形过程中Nb的析出行为

通过Gleeble热模拟实验研究了含0.038% Nb (质量分数)的热轧TRIP钢在高温奥氏体区的热加工工艺,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了组织演变和Nb的析出行为,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪定量分析了Nb的固溶/析出程度.在1250℃奥氏体化5 min后添加Nb有70%固溶于奥氏体.在1000℃以上的奥氏体再结晶区变形过程中Nb的析出量仅占总固溶量的3%,不能有效抑制静态再结晶,奥氏体晶粒得到明显细化.在900℃的奥氏体未再结晶区变形前析出Nb量已达到总固溶量的9%,再结晶被抑制而获得拉长状奥氏体.奥氏体未再结晶区变形可促进铁素体转变并细化铁素体晶粒.再结晶奥氏体或形变奥氏体状态下冷却至650℃时分别有占总添加量的48%和40%的Nb仍以固溶态存在.     

薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢中铁素体行为

为了确定薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢凝固过程中残留铁素体的生成及转变行为,采用彩色金相、电解侵蚀、电子背散射衍射分析技术及X射线衍射分析等研究手段对双辊薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢凝固组织及残留铁素体特征进行了研究.结果表明AISI304不锈钢薄带的凝固组织由表层胞状晶区、中间柱状晶区和中心等轴晶区三部分组成.薄带表层胞状晶区内残留铁素体呈棒状,柱状晶区的残留铁素体形态为鱼骨状,中心等轴晶区的残留铁素体呈弯曲的树枝状;薄带的表层胞状晶区残留铁素体的质量分数为4.6%～6.6%,柱状晶区内的残留铁素体质量分数为3.6%～3.7%,中心等轴晶区内的残留铁素体质量分数为11.27%～11.34%;残留铁素体沿着厚度方向呈现"W"状分布.     

时效温度对Fe-Ni-Cr沉淀强化合金焊缝显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用OM、SEM等手段表征不同时效处理工艺下Fe-Ni基沉淀强化奥氏体合金焊缝显微组织;采用硬度显微仪表征时效温度对焊件力学性能的影响.结果表明:焊缝区分为垂直于焊接方向的柱状晶区和焊缝中心细小的等轴晶区,柱状晶区与等轴晶区有明显的分界线.同样保温8 h,当时效温度为640℃时,焊缝柱状晶区和等轴晶区均匀分布着细小的γ′颗粒,且晶界及晶内不存在η相的析出;随着时效温度的升高,晶界及晶内逐渐析出片状η相;当时效温度达到740℃时,晶界析出大量大尺寸片状η相.同时,γ′相的数量随着η相的析出而减少,η相的析出是以牺牲γ′相为代价的.因此,时效处理的保温温度应低于740℃.显微硬度测试结果表明,时效处理后的焊件硬度得到了显著提升.     

固溶C和固溶N对奥氏体不锈钢的室温蠕变变形的影响

固溶Ｃ和固溶Ｎ对奥氏体不锈钢的室温蠕变变形的影响新日本钢铁公司钢铁研究所研究了固溶Ｃ和固溶Ｎ对高纯度奥氏体不锈钢的室温蠕变变形行为的影响。试验用材料是以奥氏体相稳定的高纯度１８％Ｃｒ－１４％Ｎｉ为基本成分、Ｃ添加量和Ｎ添加量不同的６种奥氏体不锈钢。在...     

热变形对超高强度管线钢组织及变形抗力的影响

运用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对不同热变形条件下组织、析出相进行观察与分析.研究结果表明:在1020℃奥氏体再结晶区轧制时,Nb,Ti以复相形式诱导析出,对组织细化产生一定影响.在保证积累压下量不变的情况下,奥氏体未再结晶区采用大压下量、少道次的轧制工艺对热变形奥氏体晶粒尺寸影响不大,对晶内变形带、亚结构和最终组织形貌及尺寸起到一定的作用.同时分析了再结晶轧制温度及未再结晶区轧制规程对变形抗力的影响     

Cr18Ni3Mn11Cu3NbN不锈钢组织和性能分析

为研究超临界火电用奥氏体不锈钢Cr18Ni3Mn11Cu3NbN的显微组织和性能,分析了Cr18Ni3Mn11Cu3NbN的金相组织和断口形貌,检测了室温拉伸性能和高温短时拉伸性能.金相组织分析表明,在奥氏体基体中呈弥散分布着NbN化合物,并有少量呈簇状析出,还存在少量高温铁素体和纯Nb相.断口分析表明,室温拉伸断口有明显缩颈,断面形貌呈等轴韧窝状,是韧性断裂.Cr18Ni3Mn11Cu3NbN的室温力学性能满足ASME Code Case 2328-1标准,其中拉伸强度远大于规定值;高温短时拉伸强度大于Super304H奥氏体不锈钢的实测值,但延伸率有一定的差距,主要原因是少量高温铁素体的存在.     

N_2对不锈钢GTAW焊缝铁素体含量和组织演变过程的影响

在不锈钢的焊接中,控制焊缝金属中的铁素体含量对于防止出现热裂纹、保证焊缝耐蚀性能和力学性能都有着重要的作用.在不锈钢中氮是强烈的奥氏体化元素,通过在保护气体中加入N_2的方法向焊缝过渡氮元素从而调控焊缝中的铁素体含量是一种简单可行的技术思路.本研究采用实时调整气体配比技术配制不同配比的Ar-N_2混合气作为保护气体,对304L奥氏体不锈钢和2205双相不锈钢进行了GTAW多层多道焊接试验.分析研究了保护气体中的N_2添加量对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝金属中铁素体含量的影响以及对双相不锈钢焊缝金属中的相比例和微观组织的演变规律.结果表明,对304L不锈钢,保护气中加入0.5%～1.0%的N_2能够将焊缝中平均铁素体数FN有效控制在3～7范围内.对2205双相不锈钢,打底焊时保护气中加入3.0%的N_2能够有效促进一次奥氏体的形成并抑制二次奥氏体的析出;填充和盖面焊则应减少保护气中的N_2含量或用纯Ar作为保护气才能保证焊缝的整体相比例在合理范围内.该研究工作对推广动态气体配比技术在不锈钢焊接生产中的应用提供了前期的理论基础.     

不同形变速率条件下低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程铁素体超细化

研究了低碳钢过冷奥氏体在760℃,形变速率为1 s-1和10 s-1变形时组织演变规律.结果表明,形变速率为1 s-1时真应力-应变曲线双峰特征为形变强化相变和铁素体动态再结晶的表征,相变形核集中在铁素体/奥氏体相界前沿奥氏体高畸变区,晶粒长大在时间和空间上受到限制,细化能力较高;形变速率提高到10 s-1时,相变动力学提前,曲线只表现为形变强化相变的单峰特征,相变形核除了在上述铁素体/奥氏体相界前沿奥氏体高畸变区,还分布到奥氏体晶内各处,晶粒间约束有所减小,尺寸稍大.通过形变强化相变和铁素体动态再结晶可以获得平均晶粒尺寸为(1.98士1.07)μm和(2.33士1.01)μm(10 s-1)左右的微细铁素体晶粒.     

冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃.s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应（L＋δ→γ）在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃.s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃.s-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.     

Mechanism of hot-rolling crack formation in lean duplex stainless steel 2101

The thermoplasticity of duplex stainless steel 2205 (DSS2205) is better than that of lean duplex steel 2101 (LDX2101), which undergoes severe cracking during hot rolling. The microstructure, microhardness, phase ratio, and recrystallization dependence of the deformation compatibility of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Thermo-Calc software, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the phase-ratio transformations of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were almost equal under the condition of increasing solution temperature. Thus, the phase transformation was not the main cause for the hot plasticity difference of these two steels. The grain size of LDX2101 was substantially greater than that of DSS2205, and the microhardness difference of LDX2101 was larger than that of DSS2205. This difference hinders the transfer of strain from ferrite to austenite. In the rolling process, the ferrite grains of LDX2101 underwent continuous softening and were substantially refined. However, although little recrystallization occurred at the boundaries of austenite, serious deformation accumulated in the interior of austenite, leading to a substantial increase in hardness. The main cause of crack formation is the microhardness difference between ferrite and austenite.     

变形速率对2205双相不锈钢形变诱导相变的影响

通过单道次压缩热模拟试验,研究了2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中组织组成相奥氏体相(γ)和铁素体相(δ)所占比例的变化情况.分析得到:2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中存在奥氏体相和铁素体相之间的相互转变,且热变形过程中发生的两相之间的相互转变也是2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中的一种动态软化机制.变形速率对2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中发生的相转变的影响规律为:变形速率很小时,δ→γ的转变占较大比重;随着变形速率的升高,γ→δ所占比例增加.     

In situ observation of austenite grain growth behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Ti-microalloyed steels

The austenite grain growth behavior in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone during thermal cycling was investigated via in situ observation. Austenite grains nucleated at ferrite grain boundaries and then grew in different directions through movement of grain boundaries into the ferrite phase. Subsequently, the adjacent austenite grains impinged against each other during the α→γ transformation. After the α→γ transformation, austenite grains coarsened via the coalescence of small grains and via boundary migration between grains. The growth process of austenite grains was a continuous process during heating, isothermal holding, and cooling in simulated thermal cycling. Abundant finely dispersed nanoscale TiN particles in a steel specimen containing 0.012wt% Ti effectively retarded the grain boundary migration, which resulted in refined austenite grains. When the Ti concentration in the steel was increased, the number of TiN particles decreased and their size coarsened. The big particles were not effective in pinning the austenite grain boundary movement and resulted in coarse austenite grains.     

双相不锈钢热老化前后拉伸变形行为的电子背散射衍射表征

通过电子背散射衍射实验分析方法,研究变形量和热老化因素对双相不锈钢的拉伸性能、相边界、局部应变分布、重位点阵特殊晶界和取向分布的影响。研究结果表明：热老化后,双相不锈钢的强度提高,韧性降低;在大变形条件下铁素体晶粒内小角度晶界的数量和密度略有增加;热老化材料的铁素体的塑性变形和局部应变能力下降,大变形破坏初始奥氏体和铁素体以及∑3孪晶边界的分布。     

原位观察TiN粒子对低合金高强度钢模拟焊接热影响区粗晶区晶粒细化作用

采用高温激光共聚焦显微镜原位观察和电子背散射衍射技术研究TiN粒子在低合金高强度钢模拟大线能量焊接热循环过程中晶粒细化效果。研究发现合理的Ti和N含量能形成大量细小弥散分布的纳米级TiN粒子,在焊接热循环过程中有效钉扎热影响区粗晶区奥氏体晶界,抑制晶粒粗化。同时,TiN附着在Al2 O3表面析出,在冷却过程中有效促进针状铁素体形核,得到有效晶粒尺寸非常细小的由少量针状铁素体和大量贝氏体构成的复合组织。     

送装工艺对板坯再加热过程奥氏体晶粒细化的影响

连铸坯下线至加热炉的温度制度及其表层组织演变与热送或粗轧裂纹密切相关.基于热模拟实验分析了送装工艺对奥氏体转变特征和再加热晶粒尺寸的影响.高温共聚焦激光扫描显微镜原位观察表明,含Nb J55钢在双相区700℃热装时,组织为晶界膜状先共析铁素体、魏氏体和大量残留奥氏体,再加热至1200℃,奥氏体晶粒大小、位置都不变;单相区600℃温装时,组织为大量铁素体+珠光体,再加热至1200℃时,奥氏体晶粒明显细化.马弗炉模拟SS400钢双相区不同热装温度发现,铁素体转变量至少达70%时才可细化再加热后的奥氏体晶粒.在临界转变量以上,基体中铁素体转变量越多晶粒细化程度越明显.     

时效处理对2205 DSS组织及力学性能的影响

首先对2205 DSS进行了1 100℃固溶处理,随后将试样分别在650,700,750,800,850和900℃下进行不同时间的时效处理,探究2205 DSS中σ相的析出规律及其对材料组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:2205 DSS中σ相的析出分为有碳化物伴随和无碳化物伴随两种方式,前者发生在α-γ相界上,后者则主要发生在α相的晶内和晶界;2205 DSS在850℃时效时σ相的析出行为最严重;在析出σ相后,合金元素Cr和Mo在各相中会发生不同程度的偏聚;2205 DSS中析出少量的σ相对材料的塑性影响不大,但会显著降低材料的冲击韧性,而σ相的大量析出则会使两者均发生严重恶化;σ相的析出对材料的屈服强度影响不大,对材料的抗拉强度有略微的提高作用.     

Influence of original microstructure on the transformation behavior and mechanical properties of ultra-high-strength TRIP-aided steel

The transformation behavior and tensile properties of an ultra-high-strength transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel (0.2C-2.0Si-1.8Mn) were investigated by different heat treatments for automobile applications. The results show that F-TRIP steel, a traditional TRIP steel containing as-cold-rolled ferrite and pearlite as the original microstructure, consists of equiaxed grains of intercritical ferrite surrounded by discrete particles of M/RA and B. In contrast, M-TRIP steel, a modified TRIP-aided steel with martensite as the original microstructure, containing full martensite as the original microstructure is comprised of lath-shaped grains of ferrite separated by lath-shaped martensite/retained austenite and bainite. Most of the austenite in F-TRIP steel is granular, while the austenite in M-TRIP steel is lath-shaped. The volume fraction of the retained austenite as well as its carbon content is lower in F-TRIP steel than in M-TRIP steel, and austenite grains in M-TRIP steel are much finer than those in F-TRIP steel. Therefore, M-TRIP steel was concluded to have a higher austenite stability, resulting in a lower transformation rate and consequently contributing to a higher elongation compared to F-TRIP steel. Work hardening behavior is also discussed for both types of steel.