福建近岸海域海水中~(137)Cs活度浓度分析

随着宁德核电和福清核电首台机组投产,核电逐步发展成为福建省中远期的主力能源之一,由此,近岸海域的放射性水平受到民众关注。分布在海水中的多种裂变产物中,137Cs占有特殊地位,其半衰期长,对海水生物和人类的潜在危害深远。该研究选取了福建近岸海域7个地点海水进行调查,对这些海水进行137Cs的放射性水平检测,结果表明,7个地点海水的137Cs平均活度在1.33~1.89 m Bq/L之间,远低于海水水质标准中137Cs环境容许标准(0.7Bq/L),7个地点海水137Cs活度浓度均在环境正常水平。     

苏干湖沉积物纹层计年和~(210)Pb，~(137)Cs测年对比

通过对西北干旱区苏干湖表层沉积物的年纹层计数定年和~(210)Pb,~(137)Cs测年结果对比发现:~(137)Cs测年结果在8.5 cm出现最高蓄积峰,对应1963年世界核爆高峰期,但在同一层位~(210)Pb测年结果则是1972年,存在较大的偏差.年纹层沉积速率达0.31 cm/a,而根据CRS模式建立的~(210)Pb沉积速率为0.30 cm/a.年纹层反映的沉积速率和~(210)Pb测年结果基本一致,互相验证了两者测年的可靠性.~(137)Cs测年则存在蓄积峰向上迁移的现象,在西北干旱区湖泊使用~(137)Cs测年过程中需引起注意.     

广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中137Cs含量分析

【目的】了解广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中~(137)Cs的含量,为定量研究北部湾沿岸区域土壤侵蚀和堆积状况,以及评价防城港红沙核电站运行对周围环境的影响提供科学依据。【方法】在广西北部湾河口及海湾中采集32个沉积物样品,利用高纯锗γ谱仪测定样品中~(137)Cs的含量,并与周边的背景值进行比较。【结果】在河口、海湾的表层样中,~(137)Cs比活度较低,范围为0.10~5.94Bq/kg,平均值约为1.23Bq/kg。【结论】表层沉积物中,~(137)Cs含量相对陆地含量要低,主要原因可能是沉积物样品中含沙量大,~(137)Cs吸附量相对较少导致。同时,自然因素和人为活动对~(137)Cs在河口及海湾沉积物中的再分配起重要作用。     

甘肃某地区环境放射性方差分析的相关性探讨

针对甘肃某地区环境土壤样品中放射性核素137↑Cs的迁移情况,通过实际野外取样过程,将不同地点的土壤进行多组分层,实测了各组土壤中137↑Cs的分配情况,采用简单的＂黑箱模型＂来模拟计算,运用解析理论模拟贝特曼方程,在拟合基础上求得各土壤层的放射性核素迁移速率和滞留半衰期。根据以上计算的结果,采用环境统计方法分析了影响放射性核素迁移速率的因素,并在统计F检验的基础上给出各因素的相关性,结果证明,在干旱地区的生态环境下,土壤的深度对核素迁移有显著的影响。     

广西北部湾沉积速率研究

沉积速率是确定沉积环境演变的重要指标,利用沉积速率讨论海岸带沉积环境是海洋环境研究中的重要手段。文中通过~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb双核素法来研究广西北部湾近海口的现代沉积速率,分析沉积速率的变化与人类活动的关系,简单地探讨了这两种核素在不同环境沉积环境中的可靠性。对广西北部湾典型沉积地区进行了仔细调查,采集并测量了南流江口和三娘湾湾内两个柱状沉积物中~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb_(ex)比活度,根据比活度的垂直分布特征,利用~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb_(ex)计年法分析讨论了广西北部湾的现代沉积速率。结果表明,南流江口(NLJ3柱状样)和三娘湾(SN2柱状样)的现代沉积速率分别为1.039±0.15 cm/a和0.458±0.04 cm/a。~(210)Pb法和~(137)Cs法在两个柱样中均体现了较高的一致性。     

三种盆栽植物对Cs吸收能力的研究

用容易获得的40K来代替不易获得的137Cs进行Cs的吸收能力实验。实验通过以不同浓度KCl土壤培植芦荟科芦荟、苋科马齿苋和百合科虎皮兰三种植物,处理30天后,测量其土壤中K的比放射性活度并与未经处理的土样相比较,用0.5g、1g、1.5gKCl处理过的芦荟吸收的40K分别为6501.5、13723.9、20925.82 Bq/kg;用0.5g、1g、1.5gKCl处理过的马齿苋吸收的40K分别为7145.95、14455.09、21825.98 Bq/kg;用0.2g、0.3g、0.4g、0.5gKCl处理过的虎皮兰吸收的40K分别为2861.3、4195.73、5702.42、7132.22 Bq/kg。结合相关实验分析可得这三种植物对可以从土壤中吸收Cs,且其对137Cs的吸收能力与土壤中137Cs呈正相关,其中苋科植物和百合科植物对137Cs的转移能力大于芦荟科植物。可以用于137Cs的植物修复。     

137Cs法应用于流域土壤侵蚀初步研究--以太湖上游浙江省安吉县西苕溪为例

太湖流域水体富营养化、水环境质量下降问题日趋突出 ,而由土壤侵蚀造成的物质迁移是流域非点源营养元素输入的主要载体之一 ,因此 ,流域土壤侵蚀的定量研究具有重要的理论和现实意义 .以太湖上游浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域为例 ,利用137Cs示踪分析方法对该区域的土壤侵蚀数量及空间分布状况作了初步的研究 ,结果表明 :研究区域的137Cs背景值为(2 14 8.8± 12 0 .7)Bq/m2 ;根据建立以及选择的土壤侵蚀和沉积模型计算 ,研究区内非耕作土土壤侵蚀模数平均在 - 431.6t/km2 ·a(“ -”表示堆积 ) ,耕作土土壤侵蚀模数平均在 16 81.2t/(km2 ·a) ,年均土壤侵蚀厚度为 1.5 3mm .研究结论对深入探讨太湖流域上游物质迁移对太湖的生态影响具有基础意义 .     

重庆岩溶槽谷区山坡土壤的漏失研究

岩溶地区区别于非岩溶地区水土流失的关键是岩溶地区土壤存在地下漏失.本文运用同位素137Cs和配比法研究土壤地下漏失机理,得出以下结论:岩溶槽谷区土壤存在地下漏失现象,但土壤漏失现象并不随处可见,地表土壤漏失难以通过裂隙垂直渗漏到达土石界面,这可从137Cs剖面分布深度以及溶洞壁上土壤137Cs含量几乎为0看出;在有落水洞发育的溶蚀洼地内,通过分析土壤剖面分层137Cs含量,证明土壤从落水洞流失明显;土石界面的土壤可以通过裂隙进入地下河,但量很少;研究区运用137Cs配比法得出地表流失和地下漏失比例分别为75%和25%.     

浮动核电站放射性核素在海洋中迁移机理研究

为了研究放射性核素泄露到海洋中的迁移规律,针对浮动核电站在海上发生严重事故这一情况,提出了基于瞬时点源约瑟夫模型的改进核素迁移模型,考虑海洋中放射性核素衰变和浮动核电站移动这两个因素。并以核素~(137)Cs为例,研究核素~(137)Cs在发生核事故后在海洋中的迁移扩散机理。研究结果表明浮动核电站发生核事故后,放射性核素浓度的空间分布呈现椭圆形,且沿着船舶运动轨迹方向的放射性核素浓度比其垂直方向上的浓度高,并向四周递减扩散。改进的核素迁移模型可为海洋应急监测工作提供参考,实现对浮动核电站核事故发生后应急监测的研究。     

芒萁——一种新发现的~(226)Ra和~(232)Th富集植物

通过对珠江三角洲地区的植物和土壤进行长期的野外调查,重点寻找自然条件下放射性核素富集植物.结果表明,芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)地上部分镭(226Ra)和钍(232Th)的平均含量(比活度)分别为248.4和679.8 Bq·kg-1,变化范围为118.3~565.6和158.3~2 272.9 Bq·kg-1.地下部分(根)226Ra和232Th的平均含量分别为157.8和314.3 Bq·kg-1,变化范围为103.8~239.8和149.3~563.6 Bq·kg-1.对应的生物富集系数(bioconcentration factor,BCF)平均值为1.88和2.74,转移系数(translocation factor,TF)平均值为1.57和2.02.芒萁对镭和钍有显著的富集特征,这一发现为研究天然放射性核素在植物中的超富集机理和污染土壤修复提供了一种新的材料.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using 137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq·m-2 were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t·ha-1·a-1 respectively, averaging 47.59 t·ha-1·a-1 for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from 137Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Characteristics of 137Cs deposition in steppe area

Soil wind erosion in the semiarid steppe area was studied using the 137Cs tracing technique. Comparisons of 137Cs deposition characteristics between different soil profiles indicated that slight aeolian activities occurred on sandy grasslands and semi-fixed dunes with erosion/deposition rates of less than 0.108 cm/a, whereas they were intense on semi-shifting dunes with erosion/deposition rates of higher than 1.35 cm/a.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the¹³⁷Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two¹³⁷Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m⁻² were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of¹³⁷Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using¹³⁷Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t · ha¹ · a⁻¹ respectively, averaging 47.59 t · ha⁻¹ · a⁻¹ for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Distribution characteristics of ^137Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus

~~Distribution characteristics of ~(137)Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus1.Tamura, T, Jacobs, D. G, Structural implications in cesium sorp-tion, Health Physics, 1960, 6(2): 391-398. 2.Rogowshi, A. S., Tamura, T, Movement of 137Cs by runoff, erosion and infiltration on the alluvial captina silt loam, Health Physics, 1965, 11(12): 1333-3340. 3.Owens, P. N., Walling, D. E., He, Q. P., The behaviour of bomb-derived caesium-137 fallout in …     

地理信息系统(GIS)在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

地理信息系统强大的空间数据处理能力 ,使其在众多领域和部门中得到了广泛应用 .本文在概述地理信息系统的建立与应用的基础上 ,对其在国内外土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进行了简要的回顾 .在概述1 37Cs示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的同时 ,展望其与地理信息系统结合在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用方法及前景     

Characteristics of 137Cs deposition in steppe area

Soil wind erosion in the semiarid steppe area was studied using the ¹³⁷Cs tracing technique. Comparisons of ¹³⁷Cs deposition characteristics between different soil profiles indicated that slight aeolian activities occurred on sandy grasslands and semi-fixed dunes with erosion/deposition rates of less than 0.108 cm/a, whereas they were intense on semi-shifting dunes with erosion/deposition rates of higher than 1.35 cm/a.     

雨强和坡度对嵌套砾石工程边坡侵蚀特征的影响

为探究不同雨强和坡度对西南高山-亚高山地区急陡、高砾石含量工程边坡土壤侵蚀的影响.采用室内模拟降雨及人工配置土壤等方法,在5种雨强(25,40,45,65,85 mm/h), 5种坡度(35°,40°,45°,50°,60°)条件下进行模拟实验.研究结果表明:工程坡面产流率随着雨强的增加呈对数增加.不同雨强下坡面平均产流率变化过程随着坡度的变化差异性具有统计学意义.随着雨强的增加,同一坡面工程边坡侵蚀率明显增多.当雨强为40 mm/h时,工程坡面侵蚀率随坡度变化较小(0.015 g/s);当雨强为65 mm/h时,同一坡面的侵蚀率随着坡度的增加而减少.工程坡面溅蚀率整体呈现出迅速增长至峰值后缓慢下降的趋势.同一边坡随着雨强的增加,坡面击溅侵蚀率在产流前和产流时都有明显的增加,不同粒径土壤增速具有明显差异,同一坡面随着坡度的增加,坡面泥沙溅蚀率存在临界值(40°～45°).降雨强度与土壤侵蚀相关性有统计学意义,不同雨强下坡度与径流过程和侵蚀过程的相关性具有明显差异性.结论:工程边坡中砾石具有增加下渗率和抗侵蚀作用,工程坡面土壤侵蚀率随降雨历时逐渐下降;坡度的增加在增大坡面流速的同时会降低坡面实际承雨面积,工程坡面土壤侵蚀率随坡度的增加呈非线性关系.     

基于137Cs示踪技术的土壤侵蚀研究进展

由于应用137Cs示踪技术能够提供土壤侵蚀与沉积信息，近年来137Cs示踪技术逐渐成为土壤侵蚀研究的重要方法．本文介绍了137Cs示踪法原理，回顾了其在土壤侵蚀中的研究应用，并对其优缺点进行评价．然后，总结了。137Cs示踪剂法土壤侵蚀模型，最后展望了其在土壤侵蚀研究中的前景．     

Chernobyl nuclide record from a North Sea sediment trap

Nuclides liberated by explosion and subsequent fire at Chernobyl No. 4 reactor on 26 April 1986, travelled to Western Europe with lower tropospheric air masses. They reached the northern Alps and Paris on 30 April, southern Great Britain on 2 May, the southern North Sea on 3 May, and the northern North Sea on 3 May and again on 8 May. Levels of deposited activity varied by a factor of 30 or more over distances less than 100 km because of variability of rainfall. A sediment trap deployed 222-m-deep in the North Sea off Bergen recorded the onset and magnitude of the deposition of Chernobyl nuclides. The trap collected 13 samples between 24 April and 21 September 1986. The flux of nuclides adsorbed to particles sinking from surface waters to sediments started less than ten days after contaminated air reached the site. Maximum specific activity occurred on 16-27 May for 137Cs, 134Cs, 106Ru and 103Ru, and on 8-20 June for 144Ce, 95Nb and 95Zr. The highest activity was found for 103Ru. The highest total specific activity of these nuclides in depositing sediments reached 670,000 Bq kg-1, and the highest total activity flux for one day amounted to 50 Bq m-2.