等边浅蛤线粒体全基因组测序和系统发育研究

采用高通量测序技术对等边浅蛤的线粒体全基因组进行了测序,并通过拼接、组装得到了完整的线粒体基因组序列。研究结果表明:环状线粒体基因组总长度为20 248 bp,由13个蛋白编码基因,22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因及1个控制区组成,所有基因均在重链编码。等边浅蛤线粒体基因碱基组成为A(28.55%),T(39.33%),C(10.40%)和G(21.72%),A+T含量为67.88%,具有AT偏好性。D-loop控制区位于COX1基因和Cytb基因之间,长度为1 944 bp。利用帘蛤科16个物种及缢蛏(外群)的线粒体基因组的12个蛋白质编码基因构建NJ系统进化树。结果表明,等边浅蛤与菲律宾蛤仔聚为一支,亲缘关系最近。该研究将补充浅蛤属线粒体基因组信息,为浅蛤属以及帘蛤科的系统发生关系及进化地位积累有价值的数据资料。     

等边浅蛤(Gomphina aequilatera)核糖体DNA第一内转录间隔区序列的特征分析

从浙江和福建沿海潮间带的6个采样点各随机选取2个等边浅蛤(Gomphina aequilatera)样品,以聚合酶链式反应、分子克隆和序列测定等分子生物学实验技术获得了ITS-1序列.通过比对发现,该序列内存在一个长度为17 bp的插入/缺失片段和一个结构为(GA)3(GGGA)2(GA)4~6的微卫星DNA,这2个结构是造成等边浅蛤ITS-1序列在个体基因组内及个体之间长度变化的主要原因.统计分析结果显示,该序列在个体基因组内的变异与相同采样点个体之间的变异无显著差异(P>0.05),而与不同采样点个体之间的变异差异显著(P<0.05),因此在种群水平的研究中是有效的分子标记.系统发生关系重建的结果和单倍型网络结构图均显示等边浅蛤的ITS-1序列各单倍型间的亲缘关系较近.     

珍稀濒危鸟类褐马鸡mtDNA的分子克隆及序列分析

利用改进的SDS裂解、氯仿:异戊醇抽提的方法提 取了褐马鸡肌肉基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增的方法特异性扩增了褐马鸡线粒体(mtDNA)控制区(D-loop)全序列片段,PCR产物经凝胶回收纯化后与载体pGEM-T Easy相连,然后转化感受 态细胞DH-5α,在含X-gal、IPTG的氨苄LB平板上筛选阳性克隆,重组质粒经PCR和琼脂糖 凝胶电泳检测后,对目的片段进行测序.结果表明,经PCR特异性扩增出的褐马鸡线粒体控制区全序列碱基数为1 237 bp,用Blast程序进行检索比较表明此扩增序列与GeneBank中发表的褐马鸡线粒体控制区序列同源性高达99%,且具有鸟类线粒体的标志性序列.     

基于线粒体DNA控制区的新疆北鲵种群遗传多样性分析

以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)控制区为分子标记,对分布于新疆温泉县6处自然栖息地的新疆北鲵(Ranodon sibiricus)遗传多样性进行研究.共采集新疆北鲵尾端肌肉组织样本60份,通过PCR扩增获得853bp的mtDNA序列,含D-loop序列747bp、tRNA-Pro序列72bp及部分tRNA-Thr和tRNA-Pro之间基因间隔区(ISR)序列34bp,其中D-loop序列中A、T、G和C 4种核苷酸所占百分比分别为31.92%,35.04%,15.02%和18.02%,A+T所占百分比为66.96%.经MEGA软件比对发现,所得60个样品的扩增序列(853bp)完全一致,共享一个单倍型,所有扩增序列仅在控制区的第449位碱基(均为A)与GenBank(AJ419960)中新疆北鲵线粒体该位点碱基(为G)不一致.结果表明,国内现存6处自然栖息地内的新疆北鲵遗传多样性极低,在近缘同属种及脊椎动物中都极为罕见,显示该种近期经历过严重的瓶颈效应,可能由一个单倍型扩散至目前的分布格局.研究结果可为该物种保护提供分子遗传学依据.     

东北粗皮蛙线粒体DNA遗传多样性分析

本文通过对东北粗皮蛙29个样本线粒体DNA控制区和细胞色素b基因部分序列分析,探讨其遗传多样性和种群遗传结构。PCR扩增和测序结果,获得587bp的线粒体DNA控制区序列和895bp的细胞色素b基因序列。合并线粒体DNA序列分析,共定义14个单倍型,16个变异位点,单倍型多样性(H)为0.704,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.001,平均核苷酸差异数为1.438,表明东北粗皮蛙遗传多样性较低。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明,种群内变异占全部遗传变异的98.13%,群体间没有遗传分化(FST=0.0187),因此应加强对东北粗皮蛙野生种群的保护。     

喉癌患者血细胞线粒体DNA控制区发现高频率变异

利用PCR SSCP技术检测线粒体DNA(mtDNA)复制控制区中 16 4bp的片段 ,在 2 2例喉癌患者的血细胞中发现 3例同质性突变 ,5例异质性突变 ,而在 12例正常人中未发现带型改变 (0 /12 ) .序列分析发现其中一个样本有T146A ,T199C和T2 0 4C的变异 ,T146A为新发现的线粒体DNA多态性 ;这个研究结果提示血细胞线粒体DNAD Loop区的变异 ,可能与喉癌发生有一定的联系 ,对线粒体DNA突变的更深入的研究可以考虑与细胞内信号传导联系起来 ,这将有助于理解线粒体DNA在实体瘤和恶性血液病的研究以及肿瘤细胞中线粒体DNA的复制机制 ,这对寻找新的肿瘤基因诊断的标志物和监测肿瘤发生的遗传易感性是有意义的 .     

从线粒体DNA控制区基因探讨红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡的分类关系

用聚合链式反应(PCR)和直接测序的方法测定红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)和白腹锦鸡(C.amherstiae)各5个样本线粒体DNA控制区的468 bp的序列,共发现26个变异位点.红腹锦鸡的序列变异率为0.90%,白腹锦鸡的序列变异率是0.17%,两者差异极显著.红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡的3种碱基(A,T,C)含量差异显著.根据Kumar双参数法计算两种锦鸡的遗传距离为0.035±0.008,按线粒体DNA控制区的进化速率2%/Myr计算,它们的分歧进化的时间大约是(1.75±0.40)Myr,结果支持它们是两个独立的种.红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡可能分别起源于秦岭以南地区和横断山脉.     

帘蛤科两种经济贝类种群的ITS-1序列遗传多样性分析

利用核糖体DNA转录间隔区ITS-1序列对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)的养殖群体和青蛤(Cyclinasinensis)的野生种群遗传多样性进行了分析.经过PCR扩增、连接与测序后,得到硬壳蛤ITS-1的长度为718～724 bp,青蛤的为665～683 bp,序列用ClustalX1.83多重比对后,在725 bp组成的同源片段中有714个碱基序列为保守位点,通过DNAsp软件分析,该种群的核酸多态性指数Pi为0.00302,每位点Eta为0.00304,并检测出4个单倍型(Haplotype)序列.青蛤在由695 bp组成的同源片段中有644个碱基序列为保守位点,该种群的Pi为0.03071,每位点Eta为0.0378,共测出6个单倍型(Haplotype)序列.利用PAUP4.10软件计算出每个种群内单倍型序列间的相对遗传距离,其中,硬壳蛤的遗传距离仅为0.0014～0.0056,说明其DNA遗传多样性的丰度较低;而野生青蛤种群的遗传距离为0.0036～0.0105,说明其遗传多样性比较丰富.文章还初步讨论了双壳类遗传多样性变动的因素及种质保护等问题.     

黑线仓鼠与大仓鼠线粒体DNA控制区全序列SNPs分析

以华北地区大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠为研究对象,运用第三代DNA分子标记SNPs(single nucleotide polymorphisms)技术,研究了其线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)全序列的单核苷酸多态性.结果表明:在黑线仓鼠和大仓鼠种群中共检测到11个单倍型,22个多态位点,其中只有2个是颠换,其余都是转换.不同种群的核苷酸多态性不同,种群内的核苷酸多态性小于种群间的核苷酸多态性.线粒体DNA D-loop全序列适合作黑线仓鼠和大仓鼠的核苷酸多态性和遗传进化关系的分析.     

东北粗皮蛙线粒体 DNA 遗传多样性分析

本文通过对东北粗皮蛙29个样本线粒体DNA控制区和细胞色素b基因部分序列分析,探讨其遗传多样性和种群遗传结构。 PCR扩增和测序结果,获得587bp的线粒体DNA控制区序列和895bp的细胞色素b基因序列。合并线粒体DNA序列分析,共定义14个单倍型,16个变异位点,单倍型多样性（H）为0．704,核苷酸多样性（π）为0．001,平均核苷酸差异数为1．438,表明东北粗皮蛙遗传多样性较低。分子变异分析（AMOVA）结果表明,种群内变异占全部遗传变异的98．13％,群体间没有遗传分化（FST ＝0．0187）,因此应加强对东北粗皮蛙野生种群的保护。     

用加端PCR技术改造h－IGF－1cDNA

用ＤＮＡ合成仪合成了分别带有ＰｓｔＩ位点和ＳａｌＩ位点及终止密码子的２个用于扩增ｈＩＧＦ－１ｃＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ引物．利用合成的引物，７００ｂｐ长的ｈＩＧＦ－１ｃＤＮＡ模板和Ｔａｑ聚合酶进行ＰＣＲ扩增．扩增产物经电泳鉴定后克隆进Ｍ１３ｍｐ１８载体，进行核苷酸序列分析．结果显示：ＰＣＲ产物含已发表的ｈＩＧＦ－１成熟蛋白的编码序列和５＇端的ＰＳｔＩ位点及３＇端的ＳａｉＩ位点及终止密码ＴＡＧ．用加端ＰＣＲ技术成功地扩增和改造了ｈＩＧＦ－１的编码序列．     

利用16S-23S rDNA间隔区快速鉴定猪链球菌和马链球菌兽疫亚种

利用16S-23S rDNA间隔区(ISR)长度和序列的多态性,结合16S rDNA和23S rDNA的保守性,分别在16S rDNA末端和23S rDNA前端保守区设计上下游引物,进行PCR扩增.结果为21株猪链球菌均扩增出长度约为1200bp的片段,8株马链球菌兽疫亚种均扩出约1300 bp的片段,其他属菌株和阴性...     

新疆8个地域维吾尔族群线粒体DNA V区9 bp缺失频率与Y染色体DYS287位点多态性研究

 为研究新疆8个地域维吾尔族群体的线粒体DNA 9 bp序列缺失频率与Y染色体DYS287位点多态性,分别采用PCR扩增直接测序法和PCR结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测法对群线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率与Y 染色体DYS287位点多态性进行分析。结果表明在新疆的喀什、和田、库车、且木、哈密、吐鲁番、伊梨和尉梨县的240个无关现代维吾尔族群体中,线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率为3.3%,3.3%,6.6%,3.3%,6.6%,3.3%,3.3%,10%。在180个无关现代维吾尔族群男性个体中Y染色体DYS287位点全部显示为YAP-,没有显示为YAP＋。结果提示新疆不同地域现代维吾尔族群体的线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率相当低,9 bp缺失不是现代维吾尔族的母系遗传传结构特征,而且不同地域维吾尔族群体线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率没有显著性的差异。父系遗传结构单一, YAP+不是现代维吾尔族群体的父系遗传特征。研究获得了新疆不同地域维吾尔族群体的线粒体DNA 9 bp序列缺失频率与Y染色体DYS287位点多态性数据,为不同地域维吾尔族群体遗传关系的分析,法医鉴定及不同地域维吾尔族群体之间的起源关系差异提供了一定的遗传背景资料。     

灯盏花ITS2基因克隆及RNA二级结构预测

利用PCR方法扩增灯盏花ITS2基因并克隆,获得ITS2基因序列.用生物软件对ITS2序列进行分析并构建系统进化树和RNA二级结构,得到灯盏花的ITS2核苷酸序列为205 bp,基于ITS序列飞蓬属11种共分为5支,分支与地理分布情况基本一致.ITS2 RNA二级结构在飞蓬属种间表现基本一致,而TS2区结构表现出属间差异.利用r DNA ITS区序列一结构和二级结构相结合达到鉴定药用植物灯盏花分类的目的.     

几种鹤性别的分子生物学鉴定

以RAAV01和RAAV02两条随机核苷酸加聚体为引物,通过随机扩增片段多态DNA的方法,在白头鹤,白枕鹤,丹顶鹤等3种4对不同个体中,发现一条约300bp的雌性个性特异带,并应用这一方法成功地鉴别了未知性别的丹顶鹤个体,同时参照已知动物CHD基因序列的设计合成CHD基因引物,采用PCR方法在丹顶鹤雌性个体中扩增出一条206bp的片段,序列分析表明,该序列与已知其他鸟类CHD－W,CHD－Z基因的编码区和内含子区都有较高的同源性。     

PCR amplification of Sox genes inMisgurnus anguillicaudatus andParamisgurnus dabryanus (Cypriniforms; Cobitidae)

Using the primers which specially amplify the conservative motif of Human SRY gene, we studied the PCR amplification of Sox genes in genomic DNA of two species of mud loach:Misgurnus anguillicaudatus andParamisgurnus dabryanus. Four bands with the length of 200,550,940 and 1000 bp respectively, were presented in the PCR products ofMisgurnus anguillicaudatus. Three bands with the length of 200,550 and 900 bp were presented in that ofParamisgurnus dabryanus. Southern blotting results indicated that the 200 and 550 bp bands are specially positive. There is no difference between male and female individuals as well as between these two species. Chang zhongjie: Born in Nov. 1965, Ph. D. graduate student     

Sequence variations of theS7 ribosomal protein gene in primitive cyprinid fishes: Implication on phylogenetic analysis

Cyprinidae is the largest fish family in the world and contains about 210 genera and 2010 species. Appropriate DNA markers must be selected for the phylogenetic analyses of Cyprinidae. In present study, the 1st intron of the S7 ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene is first used to examine the relationships among cyprinid fishes. The length of the 1st intron obtained by PCR amplification ranges from 655 to 859 bp in the 16 cyprinid species investigated, and is 602 bp in Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Out of the alignment of 925 nucleotide sites obtained, the parsimony informative sites are 499 and occupy 54% of the total sites. The results indicate that the 1st intron sequences of the S7 r-protein gene in cyprinids are rich in informative sites and vary remarkably in sequence divergence from 2.3% between close species to 66.6% between distant species. The bootstrap values of the interior nodes in the NJ (neighbor-joining) and MP (most- parsimony) trees based on the present S7 r-protein gene data are higher than those based on cytochrome b and the d-loop region respectively. Therefore, the 1st intron sequences of the S7 r-protein gene in cyprinids are sensitive enough for phylogenetic analyses, and the 1st intron is an appropriate genetic marker for the phylogenetic reconstruction of the taxa in different cyprinid subfamilies. However, attempts to discuss whether the present S7 r-protein gene data can be applied to the phylogeny of the taxa at the level of the family or the higher categories in Cypriniformes need further studies.     

Differentiation of Epinephelus moara from E. bruneus by improved nest-tetra-primer-specific PCR

Epinephelus moara and E. bruneus are closely related species in the genus Epinephelus (Perciformes, Serranidae). Their morphological similarity, changing color pattern at different stages and living conditions make them difficult to be differentiated. To identify these two species, an improved nest-tetra-primer-specific PCR assay was developed. Three specific molecular markers, the control region NC1 (394 bp), species-specific internal region ND2-M (268 bp) and ND2-B (122 bp), were identified in the mitochondrial ND2 gene from these two grouper species. Five markers were also discovered in the ITS1 regions of their nuclear ribosomal DNA, which were the control regions NC2 (588 bp) and NC3 (563 bp), and species-specific internal regions rDNA-M (426 bp), ITS1-M (488 bp) and ITS1-B (304 bp). This method provided a highly specific, precise, reliable and rapid molecular marker technique to discriminate between the two grouper species, as well as a new way of DNA identification to differentiate closely related species in fishes.     

Identification of novel SINEs from Cyprinidae and their evolutionary significance

Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are widespread among eukaryotic genomes. They are repetitive DNA sequences that have been amplified by retrotransposition. In this study, a class of SINEs were isolated from the Opsariichthys bidens genome, and named Opsar. Sequence analysis confirmed that Opsar is a new class of typical SINEs derived from tRNA molecules. With the tRNA-derived region of Opsar and through BLASTN search, we further identified Zb-SINEs from the zebrafish genome, which includes two groups: Zb-SINE-A and Zb-SINE-B. The Zb-SINE-A group comprises subfamilies of -A1—-A5, and the Zb-SINE-B group is a dimer of the tRNA^Ala-derived region and shares a similar dimeric composition to Alu. Zb-SINEs are composed of three distinct regions: a 5′end tRNA-derived region, a tRNA-unrelated region and a 3′end AT-rich region. The flanking regions are AT rich. The average length of Zb-SINEs elements is about 340 bp. Zb-SINEs account for as much as 0.1% of the whole zebrafish genome. About 70% of the Zb-SINEs are on chromosomes 11, 18, and 19. These Zb-SINEs were characterized by PCR and dot hybridization. The distribution pattern of Zb-SINEs in genome strongly supports the master genes model. The tRNA-derived regions of Opsar and Zb-SINEs were compared with the tRNA^Ala gene, and they showed 76% similarity, indicating that Opsar and Zb-SINEs originated from an inactive tRNA^Ala sequence or a tRNA^Ala—like sequence. In view of the evolutionary status of zebrafish in the Cyprinidae, we deduced that Zb-SINEs were a very old class of interspersed sequences.