氢分子离子和质子在碳膜中的能量损失测量

利用高分辨原子碰撞装置,直接测量氢分子离子和质子束流的人射能量、通过碳膜之后的透射能量分布和库仑爆作碎片的能谱。由此确定透射H_2~+及其库仑爆作碎片的能量损失△E_p和△E_M和H~+的能量损失△E_A。质于的能损率测量结果与前人推算结果一致。而H_2~+的质子碎片能损率为H~+的两倍以上.结果表明,在相同核子速度和靶厚度下,△E_r最小,△E_M为△E_A的2—3倍。     

Towards Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in potential traps

An exciton is an electron-hole bound pair in a semiconductor. In the low-density limit, it is a composite Bose quasi-particle, akin to the hydrogen atom. Just as in dilute atomic gases, reducing the temperature or increasing the exciton density increases the occupation numbers of the low-energy states leading to quantum degeneracy and eventually to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Because the exciton mass is small--even smaller than the free electron mass--exciton BEC should occur at temperatures of about 1 K, many orders of magnitude higher than for atoms. However, it is in practice difficult to reach BEC conditions, as the temperature of excitons can considerably exceed that of the semiconductor lattice. The search for exciton BEC has concentrated on long-lived excitons: the exciton lifetime against electron-hole recombination therefore should exceed the characteristic timescale for the cooling of initially hot photo-generated excitons. Until now, all experiments on atom condensation were performed on atomic gases confined in the potential traps. Inspired by these experiments, and using specially designed semiconductor nanostructures, we have collected quasi-two-dimensional excitons in an in-plane potential trap. Our photoluminescence measurements show that the quasi-two-dimensional excitons indeed condense at the bottom of the traps, giving rise to a statistically degenerate Bose gas.     

小麦和大麦吸收N、P、K的动力学参数及相互作用机制研究

试验表明，液培4周的小麦和大麦对N03＾－、NH／和K＾＋的吸收均符合Michaelis—Menten动力学方程．小麦对4种养分离子的吸收能力表现为K＾＋＞H2P04＾－＞N03＾－＞NH4＾＋，大麦对4种养分离子的吸收能力表现为NO3＾－＞K＾＋＞H2P04＾－＞NH4＾＋；对于NO3＾－离子，小麦和大麦的吸收能力基本相等，而对K＾＋、NH4＾＋，及H2P04＾－离子，小麦对它们的吸收能力明显地大于大麦，这可能与大麦抵抗低K＾＋、低H2P04＾－及低NH4＾＋的能力较强有关；相对于K＾＋存在而言，营养介质中NH4＾＋存在，有助于小麦对N03＾－的吸收；相对于NO3＾－存在而言，营养介质中H2PO4＾－存在有助于大麦对K＾＋的吸收。     

小波分析在转子裂纹故障中的应用

为了模拟现实生产中旋转机械出现的转子裂纹故障,在单跨转子实验台上,对含有裂纹的转子系统进行了实验,把采集到的故障信号,利用三维谱振图和小波尺度图结合进行分析.结果表明:两种方法相结合可以更好地揭示裂纹故障信号的频率结构,特别是在1/2临界转速下能检测出能量相对较小的二倍频分量;系统在2倍临界转速时,会产生1/2次谐波共振,随着裂纹的加深,会产生高次谐波,这些频率特征可以作为诊断裂纹故障的一个依据.     

Forward scattering due to slow-down of the intermediate in the H + HD --> D + H(2) reaction

Quantum dynamical processes near the energy barrier that separates reactants from products influence the detailed mechanism by which elementary chemical reactions occur. In fact, these processes can change the product scattering behaviour from that expected from simple collision considerations, as seen in the two classical reactions F + H(2) --> HF + H and H + H(2) --> H(2) + H and their isotopic variants. In the case of the F + HD reaction, the role of a quantized trapped Feshbach resonance state had been directly determined, confirming previous conclusions that Feshbach resonances cause state-specific forward scattering of product molecules. Forward scattering has also been observed in the H + D(2) --> HD + D reaction and attributed to a time-delayed mechanism. But despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigations, the details of the mechanism remain unclear. Here we present crossed-beam scattering experiments and quantum calculations on the H + HD --> H(2) + D reaction. We find that the motion of the system along the reaction coordinate slows down as it approaches the top of the reaction barrier, thereby allowing vibrations perpendicular to the reaction coordinate and forward scattering. The reaction thus proceeds, as previously suggested, through a well-defined 'quantized bottleneck state' different from the trapped Feshbach resonance states observed before.     

纳米Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂制备与选择催化还原NO性能

采用NH4Al(SO4)2、NH4HCO3和NH3.H2O为原料沉淀制备γ-Al2O3,然后浸渍负载活性组分Cu2+,制成纳米Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并考察其催化性能.SEM测试结果表明:制得的纳米Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂粒径均小于100 nm.活性测试结果表明:在pH值为8.5时制备的γ-Al2O3负载上3%Cu2+的纳米Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能最佳,在275℃时能使NO的转化率达到82.3%,与普通Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂相比较,最佳活性温度降低了25℃,NO最大转化率提高了31.8%.     

Basolateral KCl co-transport in a NaCl-absorbing epithelium

In NaCl-absorbing epithelia such as proximal renal tubule, small intestine and gallbladder, Na+-dependent Cl- entry across the luminal membrane is an electroneutral transport process that has been attributed to Na-Cl symport, Na-K-Cl symport, or a double (Na-H, Cl-HCO3) antiport. At the basolateral (antiluminal) membrane, Na+ extrusion can be attributed to the Na+-K+ pump, and Cl- transport could be explained in principle by electrodiffusion since the intracellular Cl- activity is higher than predicted for equilibrium distribution. However, in Necturus gallbladder, as in other epithelia, the electrodiffusional Cl- permeability of the membrane (PCl) is too low to account for the transepithelial Cl- transport rate. Because K+ is at a higher chemical potential in the cell than in the extracellular fluid, and because serosal Cl- substitutions have only small effects on membrane potential, the hypothesis of carrier-mediated electroneutral KCl co-transport was proposed. The experiments reported here were designed to test this hypothesis in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Intracellular Cl- and K+ activities (aCli, aKi) were measured with ion-sensitive intracellular microelectrodes before, during and after ionic substitutions of the serosal (basolateral) bathing medium. The results demonstrate a Na+-independent basolateral membrane KCl symport.     

水体中有机磷酸酯Fenton、电-Fenton的降解特性研究

采用Fenton、电-Fenton高级氧化技术降解水体有机磷酸酯OPEs(卤代烷基磷酸酯TCEP和磷酸三乙酯TEP),通过系统实验和表观动力学方程的建立,比较探讨Fenton、电-Fenton降解水体OPEs的特征。主要结论为：(1)在一定条件下,Fenton氧化降解水中OPEs的反应速率和OPEs、H₂O₂以及Fe₂₊的初始浓度均呈正相关关系;(2)水体中TEP的电-Fenton降解速率受电极初始电位、初始Fe₂₊浓度以及初始TEP浓度影响,其中电极电位对反应速率的影响更大;(3)与Fenton高级氧化技术相比,电-Fenton对有机物降解更彻底,且能耗低,但反应时间较长;(4)Fenton降解水体TCEP、TEP和电-Fenton降解水体TEP的表观动力学方程分别为 、 、 。     

Genetic recombination is directed away from functional genomic elements in mice

Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis, the key developmental programme of gametogenesis. Recombination in mammals has been recently linked to the activity of a histone H3 methyltransferase, PR domain containing 9 (PRDM9), the product of the only known speciation-associated gene in mammals. PRDM9 is thought to determine the preferred recombination sites--recombination hotspots--through sequence-specific binding of its highly polymorphic multi-Zn-finger domain. Nevertheless, Prdm9 knockout mice are proficient at initiating recombination. Here we map and analyse the genome-wide distribution of recombination initiation sites in Prdm9 knockout mice and in two mouse strains with different Prdm9 alleles and their F(1) hybrid. We show that PRDM9 determines the positions of practically all hotspots in the mouse genome, with the exception of the pseudo-autosomal region (PAR)--the only area of the genome that undergoes recombination in 100% of cells. Surprisingly, hotspots are still observed in Prdm9 knockout mice, and as in wild type, these hotspots are found at H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethylation marks. However, in the absence of PRDM9, most recombination is initiated at promoters and at other sites of PRDM9-independent H3K4 trimethylation. Such sites are rarely targeted in wild-type mice, indicating an unexpected role of the PRDM9 protein in sequestering the recombination machinery away from gene-promoter regions and other functional genomic elements.     

Observation and interpretation of a time-delayed mechanism in the hydrogen exchange reaction

Extensive theoretical and experimental studies have shown the hydrogen exchange reaction H+H2 --> H2+H to occur predominantly through a 'direct recoil' mechanism: the H--H bonds break and form concertedly while the system passes straight over a collinear transition state, with recoil from the collision causing the H2 product molecules to scatter backward. Theoretical predictions agree well with experimental observations of this scattering process. Indirect exchange mechanisms involving H3 intermediates have been suggested to occur as well, but these are difficult to test because bimolecular reactions cannot be studied by the femtosecond spectroscopies used to monitor unimolecular reactions. Moreover, full quantum simulations of the time evolution of bimolecular reactions have not been performed. For the isotopic variant of the hydrogen exchange reaction, H+D2 --> HD+D, forward scattering features observed in the product angular distribution have been attributed to possible scattering resonances associated with a quasibound collision complex. Here we extend these measurements to a wide range of collision energies and interpret the results using a full time-dependent quantum simulation of the reaction, thus showing that two different reaction mechanisms modulate the measured product angular distribution features. One of the mechanisms is direct and leads to backward scattering, the other is indirect and leads to forward scattering after a delay of about 25 femtoseconds.     

用铁粉和稀硫酸还原反萃P204中Fe3+

针对湿法炼锌过程中P204萃取除铁铁反萃困难的问题,比较铸铁板、锌板、铁粉和锌粉分别作还原剂的还原反萃效果,确定铁粉为最好的还原反萃剂;提出新的Fe^3＋反萃方法,该法以铁粉作还原剂,稀硫酸作反萃剂,在机械搅拌和强保护气氛下边还原边反萃负铁P204中的Fe^3＋;考察还原反萃时间、负载有机相中Fe^3＋含量、铁粉加入量、反应温度、反萃剂酸度对Fe^3＋还原反萃率和还原铁粉指数的影响及其与反萃液中Fe2＋的含量的关系。研究结果表明：在最优条件下,还原铁粉指数为1.087,Fe^3＋还原反萃率达73%;反萃液中Fe^2＋的质量浓度富集到61.8 g/L,可满足制备FeSO4·7H2O的要求。     

Nonlinear dissolution reaction of chalcopyrite

The dissolution experiments of chalcopyrite in 2 mol/L NaCI solutions at 70℃ show that the dissolution rate of chalcopyrite oscillates non-periodically with reaction time while in acid solutions (pH = 1.45-2.45) and far from Cu saturation concentration, and Cu concentration oscillates chaotically in solution of weak to intermediate acidity (pH = 3.66-7.0). In nonequilibrium and open systems, the nonlinear coupling between the dissolution of chalcopyrite and formation of cuprous chloride complexes and precipitation of hemitite caused by CI- , H+ and O2 is the internal mechanism of oscillatory changes of dissolution rate, and the nonlinear coupling between the dissolution of chalcopyrite and precipitation of atacamite induced by CI- and H+ has caused the chaotic oscillation of Cu concentration. There are consistence and difference between reaction rate oscillation and Cu concentration oscillation. However, both of them suggest that the dissolution of chalcopyrite in NaCI solution is a nonlinear reaction process.     

Arginine vasopressin enhances pHi regulation in the presence of HCO3- by stimulating three acid-base transport systems

Growth factors raise intracellular pH (pHi) by stimulating Na+/H+ exchange in the absence of HCO3-. In mutant cells that lack the Na+/H+ exchange activity, this alkalinization does not occur, and the cells do not proliferate without artificial elevation of pHi. It has therefore been widely suggested that an early pHi increase is a necessary signal for mitogenesis. In the presence of HCO3- however, growth factors fail to raise pHi in A431 cells, renal mesangial cells and 3T3 fibroblasts. In mesangial cells, arginine vasopressin (AVP) raises pHi in the absence of HCO3-, but lowers it when HCO3- is present; growth is stimulated under both conditions. We report here that, in the presence of HCO3-, AVP stimulates two potent HCO3- transporters, as well as the Na+/H+ exchanger. These are the Na+-dependent and Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- exchangers. Our results indicate that AVP causes acidification in the presence of HCO3- because, at the resting pHi, it stimulates Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- exchange (which lowers pHi) more than it stimulates the sum of Na+/H+ exchange and Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange (both of which raise pHi). The stimulation of three acid-base transporters by the growth factor AVP greatly enhances the ability of the cell to regulate pHi.     

理论研究H2S与羟基和Cl在没有水分子和有水分子条件下的反应机理

本文用量子化学计算方法研究没有水分子和有水分子条件下对Cl+H2S和OH+H2S这两个反应产生的影响.在wb97xd/aug-cc-pvtz水平下的计算结果表明,单个水分子加到反应中会使Cl+H2S和OH+H2S这两个反应的能垒分别减小3.0kal/mol和2.2kal/mol.同时两个反应的速率常数在水分子影响下也分...     

慢电子与高Z原子Xe、Rn碰撞总截面和动量转移截面的计算

本文采用Roothaan-Hartree-Fock波函数,运用等效势模型,并使用不含任意参数的交换势计算了0.1-30eV的慢电子与高Z原子Xe、Rn弹性碰撞的总截面和动量转移截面。对于Xe原子我们的计算结果与实验数据符合的比较好,对于Rn原子我们的计算结果和其他理论计算结果数据总的趋势是一致的。但至今尚未见有实验结果的报道,仍需以后实验来验证。     

ATM damage response and XLF repair factor are functionally redundant in joining DNA breaks

Classical non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) is a major mammalian DNA double-strand-break (DSB) repair pathway. Deficiencies for classical NHEJ factors, such as XRCC4, abrogate lymphocyte development, owing to a strict requirement for classical NHEJ to join V(D)J recombination DSB intermediates. The XRCC4-like factor (XLF; also called NHEJ1) is mutated in certain immunodeficient human patients and has been implicated in classical NHEJ; however, XLF-deficient mice have relatively normal lymphocyte development and their lymphocytes support normal V(D)J recombination. The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM) detects DSBs and activates DSB responses by phosphorylating substrates including histone H2AX. However, ATM deficiency causes only modest V(D)J recombination and lymphocyte developmental defects, and H2AX deficiency does not have a measurable impact on these processes. Here we show that XLF, ATM and H2AX all have fundamental roles in processing and joining DNA ends during V(D)J recombination, but that these roles have been masked by unanticipated functional redundancies. Thus, combined deficiency of ATM and XLF nearly blocks mouse lymphocyte development due to an inability to process and join chromosomal V(D)J recombination DSB intermediates. Combined XLF and ATM deficiency also severely impairs classical NHEJ, but not alternative end-joining, during IgH class switch recombination. Redundant ATM and XLF functions in classical NHEJ are mediated by ATM kinase activity and are not required for extra-chromosomal V(D)J recombination, indicating a role for chromatin-associated ATM substrates. Correspondingly, conditional H2AX inactivation in XLF-deficient pro-B lines leads to V(D)J recombination defects associated with marked degradation of unjoined V(D)J ends, revealing that H2AX has a role in this process.     

RecA介导的特异性DNA片段捕获

外显子捕获联合高通量测序技术在检测新的致病基因,特别是罕见的基因变异时,表现出很高的检测效率.但在具体使用过程中,探针易出现非特异性杂交,设计探针时需考虑Tm值均一性、所需初始样品量较大等问题.RecA是原核生物同源重组的中心分子,参与DNA损伤的重组修复.通过在体外模拟RecA蛋白在原核生物体内重组寻找同源序列的途径,用以捕获目标DNA分子,以期提高外显子捕获过程中的探针杂交效率和特异性.根据RecA在体内同源重组中的作用模式,先将基因组染色质片段化,再纯化DNA,设计生物素标记的特异性探针,在RecA蛋白的介导下以捕获基因组中的目的同源片段.结果显示:设计的和目标片段互补的探针高效而特异地捕获了目标DNA片段,ATP和水能够破坏RecA介导形成的三链复合体的稳定性,可以作为很好的杂交后洗脱试剂,而且水直接作为洗脱试剂可以提高洗脱目的 DNA片段的效率和纯度.