重油催化裂化柴油中酚类化合物的分离与鉴定

酚类化合物是重油催化裂化柴油中主要的酸性物质组分 ,在重油催化裂化柴油中共鉴定出 7类 40 0余种酚类化合物。实验表明 ,碱萃取是分离催化裂化柴油中酚类化合物的有效方法 ,碱浓度对酚的抽出率及酚类化合物的相对组成有很大影响。对国内几家炼厂生产的催化裂化柴油的比较发现 ,重油催化裂化柴油酚类化合物含量普遍偏高 ,相对含量也存在较大差异。对不同氧化程度的柴油进行分析发现 ,在柴油变质过程中 ,酚类化合物单体的相对含量有着不同的变化规律     

RCCLK软件对催化裂化掺炼焦化蜡油、柴油的模拟计算

运用重油催化裂化十一集总动力学模型的工业应用软件 RCCLK,对催化裂化装置掺炼焦化蜡油和焦化柴油的工况进行了模拟。结果表明 ,模拟预测计算结果能较好地符合催化裂化反应规律 ,为催化裂化掺炼焦化蜡油、柴油选择合理的操作条件提供了依据     

脂肪酸对柴油碱精制防乳化的影响

针对柴油中脂肪酸含量不同 ,对柴油碱精制防乳化的影响进行研究 ,考察了不同类型的破乳剂对柴油碱精制防乳化的影响。结果表明 ,柴油中脂肪酸含量增加 ,碱洗时乳化中间层增加 ,加入非离子与阳离子复合破乳剂能够防止柴油碱洗乳化现象     

两段提升管催化裂解多产丙烯研究

在分析两段提升管催化裂化特点的基础上,提出了重油两段催化裂解多产丙烯兼顾汽油和柴油生产的技术思路,以大庆常渣为原料,采用专门研制的LTB-2催化剂,在提升管反应装置上进行了实验。结果表明,在实验条件下,大庆常渣经两段提升管催化裂解反应,在丙烯收率达到22%的情况下,干气收率只有5.37%,总液收率仍然可以超过82%,并且汽油的烯烃含量低、芳烃含量高,为高辛烷值汽油调和组分;生成的柴油密度在890kg/m3左右,计算十六烷值在30左右,与通常的催化柴油性质相当。重油经两段提升管催化裂解,可在多产丙烯的同时,兼顾汽油和柴油的生产。     

两段提升管催化裂解多产丙烯研究

在分析两段提升管催化裂化特点的基础上,提出了重油两段催化裂解多产丙烯兼顾汽油和柴油生产的技术思路,以大庆常渣为原料,采用专门研制的LTB-2催化剂,在提升管反应装置上进行了实验.结果表明,在实验条件下,大庆常渣经两段提升管催化裂解反应,在丙烯收率达到22%的情况下,干气收率只有5.37%,总液收率仍然可以超过82%,并且汽油的烯烃含量低、芳烃含量高,为高辛烷值汽油调和组分;生成的柴油密度在890 kg/m3左右,计算十六烷值在30左右,与通常的催化柴油性质相当.重油经两段提升管催化裂解,可在多产丙烯的同时,兼顾汽油和柴油的生产.     

传统催化裂化提升管反应器的弊端与两段提升管催化裂化

通过文献调研、实验研究和重油催化裂化工业装置现场采样,对传统重油催化裂化提升管反应器进行了研究.结果显示,传统重油催化裂化普遍存在反应时间过长、平均催化剂活性低和选择性差及不同反应组分之间存在恶性竞争等弊端.在此基础上,提出了两段提升管催化裂化新概念,并分析了其技术优势.     

传统催化裂化提升管反应器的弊端与两段提升管催化裂化

通过文献调研、实验研究和重油催化裂化工业装置现场采样，对传统重油催化裂化提升管反应器进行了研究。结果显示，传统重油催化裂化普遍存在反应时间过长、平均催化剂活性低和选择性差及不同反应组分之间存在恶性竞争等弊端。在此基础上，提出了两段提升管催化裂化新概念，并分析了其技术优势。     

催化裂化柴油康醇萃取脱硫的研究

以康醇为萃取剂,在正十六烷中加入少量二苯并噻吩构成柴油模拟体系,考察了单级萃取中稀释荆含量、剂油比、温度对脱硫率和分配系数的影响。实验结果表明采用溶剂康醇脱除催化裂化（FCC）柴油中硫化物是可行的,康醇是一种较好的萃取剂。建立了在模拟体系中二苯并噻吩的萃取动力学方程：r表现＝0.19ＣＡ－60.6以及不同温度和不同稀释剂含量下的萃取平衡线。模拟体系萃取脱硫适宜的条件为φ（稀释剂）为0.01～0.05,剂油质量比为1.5～2.5,萃取温度30℃～50℃在该条件下,对催化裂化柴油进行萃取精制,精制柴油的各项指标均得到改善。     

催化裂化液体产品中硫化物的形态分析

应用气相色谱–脉冲火焰光度检测器(GC–PFPD)对俄罗斯原油常压渣油进行催化裂化反应后,所得液相产物中的含硫化合物进行定性定量分析。结果表明:所含硫化物以噻吩类、苯并噻吩类、二苯并噻吩类为主。采用不同的平均校正因子对催化汽油和柴油馏分中的总硫及主要硫化物含量进行分析。考察了催化裂化反应中剂油比及温度对催化汽油和柴油中总硫及主要硫化物含量的影响。     

重油催化裂化汽车脱硫醇装置技术改造工艺方案选择

１前言兰州炼油化工总厂重油催化裂化装置汽油脱硫醇部分原设计采用Ｍｅｒｏｘ两步法即液—液抽提氧化法汽油脱硫醇工艺。从１９９６年１０月开工以来 ,存在以下三个问题 :（１）抽提段汽油带碱严重 ,致使抽提塔被迫停运 ,只开混合氧化塔 ,汽油质量不合格。（２）磺化酞菁钴催化剂消耗大。（３）汽油腐蚀不合格 ,博士试验不通过。产生上述三个问题的主要原因是 :重油催化裂化汽油硫醇及总硫含量增加 ,特别是大分子硫醇含量增加。Ｍｅｒｏｘ液—液抽提氧化法脱硫醇两种基本方法 ,只适用于对ＲＳＨ含量不太高 ,硫醇分子量不太大的汽油脱硫醇。…     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.