配体在卤化铜催化的原子转移自由基聚合反应中的作用

在原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)反应中，配体对催化体系的活性是至关重要的，它们可以膏节过渡金属的氧化还原性能，并以自身的立体效应供给催化剂以适当的选择性，它们还可以改善催化剂在反应混合物中的溶解性能。研究配体结构和相应催化体系在ATRP反应中的催化活性之间的关系，对寻找性能优良的ATRP催化剂有十分重要的指导意义。本文将近几年对Cu^ ／Cu^2 催化体系中含氮配体的研究进展作一综合评述。     

天然纤维负载铂金属催化剂的光化学制备及其催化应用

设计并利用天然纤维(Natural cellulose,NC)实现了在温和反应条件下的K2[PtCl4]前驱体甲醇还原负载反应。还原产物铂原子纳米金属簇分布在NC表面及内部,从而获得了负载型催化剂Pt@NC。以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色谱X射线光谱仪(EDS)以及红外光谱(FT-IR)等对Pt@NC催化剂的结构、组成和形貌进行了表征,紫外-可见分光光度法(UVVis)研究了其催化降解对硝基苯酚(4-NP)的性能。实验显示,在可见光照条件下,K2[PtCl4]前驱体能够被还原为Pt0原子并以原子簇的形式均匀分布在NC管腔表面。NC表面含氧基团能够作为作用位点将铂纳米团簇结构稳定地固定在NC表面。Pt@NC催化剂催化降解4-NP反应中,表观一级反应速率常数为0.19mim-1,显示出了较高的催化活性。     

有序含氮介孔碳负载Cu~(2+)催化C—N偶联反应的研究

含氮介孔碳(NMC)具有高比表面积及规整孔道结构,表面有丰富的含氮基团,将其作为金属载体,可与金属形成某种配位结构,从而提升催化剂活性,改善金属组分分散性和稳定性.以有序含氮介孔碳负载Cu2+为催化剂(Cu2+/NMC),在无配体存在情况下,研究其对溴苯与咪唑C—N偶联反应的催化性能,并用XRD、TEM和XPS对含氮介孔碳、Cu2+/NMC催化剂进行表征.结果表明,在无配体存在情况下,以K2CO3为碱,DMSO为溶剂,150℃反应12h后,溴苯的转化率为93.6%,产物得率高达82.5%,且催化剂具有良好的循环性能,至少可以循环3次,催化性能保持不变.同时Cu2+/NMC催化剂对氯苯也有一定的催化效果.研究说明NMC作为一种新型催化剂载体,表面无需预官能团化,通过简单浸渍Cu2+,即可获得性能优良的C—N偶联催化剂,催化剂制备简单,反应无需复杂、昂贵配体的参与,且催化剂回收和产物提纯分离容易.     

新型N,N',O,O'-Salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂的制备及在烯烃环氧化反应中催化性能的研究

通过邻胺基苯酚与二醛或二酮反应制备了4种新型的N,N',O,O'-Salen配体,再利用配体与Mn(Ac)2·2H2O配位反应合成新型Salen-Mn催化剂C1,C2,C3,C4,用FT-IR,UV-Vis和配位滴定法等方法对催化剂进行了表征;利用高斯03软件(Hartree-Fock/3-21G)对各种配体的结构进行了优化;考察了4种催化剂在环氧化反应中的催化性能.从催化结果可以看出:新型催化剂的催化活性与结构有关,其中新型催化剂C1与传统催化剂C5结构相似,在环氧化反应中都具有良好的催化活性,而新型催化剂C2,C3,C4的催化活性相对弱很多.     

新型N,N′,O,O′-Salen Mn(III)催化剂的制备及在烯烃环氧化反应中催化性能的研究

通过邻胺基苯酚与二醛或二酮反应制备了4种新型的N,N′,O,O′-Salen配体,再利用配体与Mn(Ac)2·2H2O配位反应合成新型Salen-Mn催化剂C1,C2,C3,C4,用FT-IR,UV-Vis和配位滴定法等方法对催化剂进行了表征;利用高斯03软件（Hartree-Fock/3-21G）对各种配体的结构进行了优化;考察了4种催化剂在环氧化反应中的催化性能.从催化结果可以看出：新型催化剂的催化活性与结构有关,其中新型催化剂C1与传统催化剂C5结构相似,在环氧化反应中都具有良好的催化活性,而新型催化剂C2,C3,C4的催化活性相对弱很多.     

氧化石墨烯负载铂纳米催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以拓扑反应方法,设计并利用氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO)的还原性,实现了在温和反应条件下的H_2[PtCl_6]前驱体的原位直接还原反应。还原产物铂原子簇通过嵌入方式负载到GO表面,从而获得了铂纳米催化剂。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)等对Pt/GO复合材料的结构、组成和形貌进行了表征。实验证明,温和反应条件下H_2[PtCl_6]前驱体中的Pt~(4+)被还原为Pt~0原子并以原子簇的形式均匀分布在GO表面,平均粒径9.8nm。铂纳米团簇结构具有(111)、(200)、(220)和(311)等晶面,为典型的面心立方构型。该Pt/GO催化剂催化降解对硝基苯酚(4-NP)的还原反应中显示出较高的催化活性,一级反应速率常数为0.16min~(-1).     

纳米孔洞金属-有机骨架材料对o,p-苯二酚的选择性催化氧化

以不同孔洞尺寸及不同中心离子的纳米孔洞金属-有机骨架材料M_3(BTC)_2(H_2O)x(M=Cu~Ⅱ,Zn~Ⅱ,Co~Ⅱ,Ni ~Ⅱ,BTC=benzene tricarboxylic acid苯三甲酸)为催化剂,采用动力学方法,讨论其对p-苯二酚和o-苯二酚的选择性催化氧化性能.重点考察了催化剂孔洞尺寸,骨架中心离子,催化反应介质,反应温度对催化选择性的影响,以期对MOFs材料的选择性催化动力学方面有比较全面的认识.     

镍催化卤代烷烃交叉偶联反应的配体忧化

两个结构相似的卤代烷烃直接经过镍催化还原偶联反应生成新的 C(sp³ )—C(sp³ ) 键 一直是有机合成中的难点. 通过前期的研究发现, 采用 Zn 作还原剂, Ni(cod)₂ 作催化剂, 在 Pybox 类配体存在的条件下, 可以成功地实现不同卤代烷烃的交联反应, 不过其中一个卤代烷烃必须使用 3 mol 的用量. 为了进一步提高反应的效率, 采用 2 mol 的 1-溴丁烷和 1 mol 的 4-溴-1-对甲苯磺酰基哌啶为模型进行反应, 通过优化反应条件, 特别是对配体结构的修饰, 进一步提高不活泼烷基卤代物的还原交叉偶联反应效率. 研究结果表明, Pybox 类配体是效果较好的配体, 而二齿配体在吡啶存在的条件下也能得到中等期望值的产率. 这一结果为今后进一步优化反应提供了参考依据.     

以胶原纤维为炭源制备炭纤维负载钯纳米催化剂及其催化加氢特性

以胶原纤维为炭源,将胶原纤维接枝杨梅单宁(CF-BT)吸附Pd2+,经炭化及氢气还原后制备了炭纤维负载Pd纳米催化剂(Pd/C).通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对该催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,所制备的Pd/C催化剂保留了胶原纤维规整的纤维状结构,Pd纳米粒子大小均匀且高度分散,平均粒径为2.92 nm.将该催化剂用于丙烯醇催化加氢反应,在308.0 K和1.0 MPa氢压下,丙烯醇转化速率(TOF)高达2 460 h-1,催化剂重复使用8次其催化活性基本不变,表现出了优良的重复使用性能.     

多级孔TiO_2担载金钯纳米催化剂在CO氧化反应的应用

针对贵金属纳米粒子稳定性差,容易发生团聚造成催化活性低的问题,以多级孔TiO_2为载体,利用其介孔孔道限制贵金属纳米粒子团聚,采用浸渍法制备Au-Pd双金属纳米催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分析手段对催化剂进行表征,结果表明金钯纳米粒子均匀地分布在TiO_2载体上,尺寸约为3~5nm.选择CO氧化反应评价催化剂活性,考察催化剂制备过程中金钯比例对催化活性的影响.结果表明,在120℃的条件下催化剂Au_1-Pd_4/TiO_2达到最高的转化率90%,这归结于双金属间的电子协同效应,金原子从钯原子上吸电子,导致钯原子缺电子,而CO分子提供电子给钯原子,提高了催化活性.     

Structural effects on the magnetic hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are heavily explored as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their low cost, tunable properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, upon excitation with an alternating current(AC) magnetic field, the NPs generate localized heat that can be exploited for therapeutic hyperthermia treatment of diseased cells or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we focus on how structural changes and inter-particle interactions affect the heating efficiency of iron oxide-based magnetic NPs. Moreover, we present an overview of the different approaches to evaluate the heating performance of IONPs and introduce a new theranostic modality based on magnetic imaging guided–hyperthermia.     

Chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters: Considering the optical activity from a viewpoint of ligand dissymmetric field

Chirality is a geometric property of a physical, chemical, or biological object, which is not superimposable on its mirror image. Its significant presence has led to a strong demand in the development of chiral drugs, sensors, catalysts, and photofunctional materials. In recent years, chirality of nanoscale organic/inorganic hybrids has received tremendous attention owing to potential applications in chiral nanotechnology. In particular, with the recent progress in the syntheses and characterizations of atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by achiral thiolates, atomic level origins of their chirality have been unveiled. On the other hand, chirality or optical activity in metal nanoclusters can also be introduced via the surface chiral ligands, which should be universal for the nanosystems. This tutorial review presents some optically-active metal (gold) nanoclusters protected by chiral thiolates or phosphines, and their chiroptical (or circular dichroism; CD) properties are discussed mostly from a viewpoint of the ligand dissymmetric field scheme. The examples are the gold nanoclusters protected by (R)-/(S)-2-phenylpropane-1-thiol, (R)-/(S)-mercaptosuccinic acid, phenylboronate-D/L-fructose complexes, phosphine sulfonate-ephedrinium ion pairs, or glutathione. Some methodologies for versatile asymmetric transformation and chiroptical controls of the nanocluster compounds are also described. In the dissymmetric field model as the origin of optical activity, the chiroptical responses of the gold nanoclusters are strongly associated with coupled oscillator and/or CD stealing mechanisms based on the concept of induced CD (ICD) derived from a perturbation theory, so on this basis, some characteristic features of the observed CD responses of chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters are presented in detail. We believe that various kinds of origins of chirality found in ligand-protected gold nanoclusters may provide models for understanding those of many related nanomaterials.     

Three-dimensional atomic-scale structure of size-selected gold nanoclusters

An unambiguous determination of the three-dimensional structure of nanoparticles is challenging. Electron tomography requires a series of images taken for many different specimen orientations. This approach is ideal for stable and stationary structures. But ultrasmall nanoparticles are intrinsically structurally unstable and may interact with the incident electron beam, constraining the electron beam density that can be used and the duration of the observation. Here we use aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, coupled with simple imaging simulation, to determine with atomic resolution the size, three-dimensional shape, orientation and atomic arrangement of size-selected gold nanoclusters that are preformed in the gas phase and soft-landed on an amorphous carbon substrate. The structures of gold nanoclusters containing 3096 atoms can be identified with either Ino-decahedral, cuboctahedral or icosahedral geometries. Comparison with theoretical modelling of the system suggests that the structures are consistent with energetic considerations. The discovery that nanoscale gold particles function as active and selective catalysts for a variety of important chemical reactions has provoked much research interest in recent years. We believe that the detailed structure information we provide will help to unravel the role of these nanoclusters in size- and structure-specific catalytic reactions. We note that the technique will be of use in investigations of other supported ultrasmall metal cluster systems.     

Selective oxidation with dioxygen by gold nanoparticle catalysts derived from 55-atom clusters

Supported gold nanoparticles have excited much interest owing to their unusual and somewhat unexpected catalytic properties, but the origin of the catalytic activity is still not fully understood. Experimental work on gold particles supported on a titanium dioxide (110) single-crystal surface has established a striking size threshold effect associated with a metal-to-insulator transition, with gold particles catalytically active only if their diameters fall below approximately 3.5 nm. However, the remarkable catalytic behaviour might also in part arise from strong electronic interaction between the gold and the titanium dioxide support. In the case of industrially important selective oxidation reactions, explanation of the effectiveness of gold nanoparticle catalysts is complicated by the need for additives to drive the reaction, and/or the presence of strong support interactions and incomplete understanding of their possible catalytic role. Here we show that very small gold entities ( approximately 1.4 nm) derived from 55-atom gold clusters and supported on inert materials are efficient and robust catalysts for the selective oxidation of styrene by dioxygen. We find a sharp size threshold in catalytic activity, in that particles with diameters of approximately 2 nm and above are completely inactive. Our observations suggest that catalytic activity arises from the altered electronic structure intrinsic to small gold nanoparticles, and that the use of 55-atom gold clusters may prove a viable route to the synthesis of robust gold catalysts suited to practical application.     

负载型Au/Al2O3系列催化剂的研究进展

负载型金催化剂作为一种新型催化剂,它优异的催化氧化性能引起越来越多化学工作者的关注.Au/Al₂O₃是催化剂制备中大量使用的典型氧化物载体.综述了近年来以Au/Al₂O₃为载体的系列Au/Al₂O₃催化剂的制备方法、催化性能及其活性中心结构的研究状况和发展趋势,讨论的主要反应包括CO低温催化氧化为CO₂、汽车尾气净化、含卤有机化合物的消除和甲烷催化燃烧.     

Promotion of catalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation on CoPc-Pt/C co-catalysts

The catalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation on CoPc-Pt/C co-catalysts, prepared by impregnation method, was studied in details through electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) result demonstrates that CoPc has higher forward anodic peak current density and j _f /j _b value (forward anodic peak current density/backward anodic peak current density) than Pt/C. Chronoamperometry (CA) analysis indicates that CoPc-Pt/C exhibits both excellent transient current density and stable current density for methanol electro-oxidation compared with Pt/C. Two main mechanisms related to the promotion of catalytic activity are as follows: CoPc-Pt/C has the activity of tolerance to carbonaceous intermediates, thus inhibiting the self-poisoning of catalysts; CoPc-Pt/C owns prominent intrinsic catalytic activity indicated by the apparent activation energy for methanol oxidation on CoPc-Pt/C, which is 18 kJ/mol, less than that on Pt and PtRu catalysts as reported. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20576106)     

金纳米团簇荧光探针的合成与生物检测应用

近年来,纳米技术发展迅速。荧光金纳米材料展现出的独特光学特性使其在生物检测和医学诊断中表现出了很好的应用前景。通过改变配体或者生物支架合成的各种荧光金纳米团簇(gold nanocluster,Au NCs),在传感检测、医学成像和光电子学等领域具有潜在的应用前景。就荧光和共振光散射技术和方法对水溶性的荧光金纳米团簇的合成以及检测机理作出介绍,并简单总结了金纳米团簇作为荧光探针在生物检测,包括金属离子、阴离子、有机小分子、蛋白质和核酸等各种分析物检测中的应用。同时,评述和展望了荧光金纳米团簇研究的发展方向和应用前景。     

烷烃二氧化碳氧化脱氢的反应平衡和热匹配工艺分析

对乙烷、丙烷和乙苯的二氧化碳氧化脱氢反应进行了热力学分析，计算表明：三个体系平衡转化率的变化规律上大致相同，都随温度升高而升高，随压强增大而减小，随进料中CO₂浓度增大而增大，进料中水蒸气浓度对平衡转化率影响不大。另外，利用所得结果讨论了利用结构化催化剂将脱氢反应和甲烷催化燃烧反应的吸、放热耦合工艺中的热匹配和物料匹配问题。     

Copper nanoclusters: Synthesis,characterization and properties

Metal nanoclusters with a core size smaller than 2 nm have attracted much attention because of their unique physical and chemical properties.Among the studied metal nanoclusters,gold and silver have been studied extensively by size-controlled synthesis, structural characterization and properties investigations.Recently,considerable research effort has been devoted to the investiga- tion of copper nanoclusters.In this review,we highlight recent progress in the study of copper nanoclusters in terms of synthesis methods,characterization techniques and their novel optical and catalytic properties.     

Theoretical advances of the structures and catalytic activities of small-sized gold nanoclusters

Gold nanoclusters exhibit extraordinary catalytic activities,but the dominating factor is still unclear due to the complexity of the structures.In this review,we briefly summarized the recent theoretical progress on their structures and catalytic activities.Combining the experimental and theoretical efforts,the structures of small-sized gold clusters have been explored systematically.Based on the determined structures,factors that influence the catalytic capabilities of small-sized gold clusters(Au_(16)-Au_(35))are studied using CO oxidation asa probe.The preadsorption energies of CO and O_2are found strongly correlated with catalytic activities,which could be affected by the clusters'geometries,sizes,and charge distributions.In addition,the presence of water could significantly lower the activation energy barrier of O_2 dissociation to enhance the clusters'catalytic activities.