Nanoscale structural and electronic evolution for increased efficiency in polymer solar cells monitored by electric scanning probe microscopy

Control of blend morphology at multi-scale is critical for optimizing the power conversion efficiency （PCE） of plastic solar cells. To better understand the physics of photoactive layer in the organic photovoltaic devices, it is necessary to gain understanding of morphol- ogy and the corresponding electronic property. Herein we report the correlation between nanoscale structural, electric properties of bulk heterojunction （BHJ） solar cells and the annealing-induced PCE change. We demonstrate that the PCE of BHJ solar cells are dramatically improved （from 1.3 % to 4.6 %） by thermal annealing, which results from P3HT crystalline stacking and the PCBM aggregation for interpenetrated network. The similar trend for annealing- induced photovoltage and PCE evolution present as an initial increase followed by a decrease with the annealing time and temperature. The surface roughness increase slowly and then abruptly after the same inflection points observed for photovoltage and PCE. The phase images in electric force microscopy indicate the optimized P3HT and PCBM crystallization for interpenetrating network formation considering the spectroscopic results as well. From the correlation between surface photovoltage, blend morphology, and PCE, we propose a model to illustrate the film structure and its evolution under different annealing conditions. This work would benefit the better design and optimization of the morphology and local electric proper- ties of solar cell active layers for improved PCE.     

Controlling PCBM aggregation in P3HT/PCBM film by a selective solvent vapor annealing

A selective solvent vapor, i.e., cyclohexanone or isopropyl benzene, which is a poor solvent for poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and a good solvent for fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), was employed to reduce the size of PCBM aggregates and prolong the formation time of big PCBM aggregates in P3HT/PCBM film. PCBM nucleates and aggregates of 10-20 nm scale form in the first few minutes annealing. Then the size of PCBM aggregates kept unchanged until annealing for 60 min. Finally, larger PCBM aggregates of micron-size formed hours later. On the contrary, the growth rate of PCBM aggregates was faster and their size was larger when treated with a good solvent vapor for both components. The P3HT crystallinity was the same with different types of annealing solvents, although the rate of P3HT self-organization was decreased after a selective solvent vapor annealing. Because of the smaller size of phase separation, the device annealed in a selective solvent vapor for 30 min had a higher PCE than that annealed in a good solvent vapor.     

Flexible dye-sensitized solar cell based on PCBM/P3HT heterojunction

Using blend heterojunction consisting of C60 derivatives [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as charge carrier transferring medium to replace I3–/I– redox electrolyte,a novel flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is fabricated.The characterization of infrared spectra and ultraviolet-visible spectra shows that the PCBM/P3HT heterojunction has not only the absorption in ultraviolet light for PCBM,but also the absorption in visible and near infrared light for P3HT,which widens the photoelectric response range for DSSC.The influence of PCBM/P3HT mass ratio on the performance of the solar cell is discussed.Under 100 mW cm–2 (AM 1.5) simulated solar irradiation,the flexible solar cell achieves a lightto-electric energy conversion efficiency of 1.43%,open circuit voltage of 0.87 V,short circuit current density of 3.0 mA cm–2 and fill factor of 0.54.     

卟啉及金属卟啉的瞬态表面光伏特性

通过对比研究卟啉单体、 二聚体及金属卟啉单体的瞬 态光电压性质, 发现其光生电子-空穴对完全分离的时间： 单体小于二聚体, 卟啉配体小于金属卟啉. 卟啉配体电荷载流子缓慢衰减, 而金属卟啉在短时间内, 电子在接近半导体表面空间电荷区域里实现了载流子的快速分离. Cu卟啉的光生电荷载流子瞬态光电压信号与卟啉配体有相似之处, 且与其他金属卟啉也有相似之处. 在金属离子Co²⁺,Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺,Zn²⁺的影响下, 电子-空穴对开始分离的时间大约在2×10^-7 s, 负信号是由接近半导体表面空间电荷区域内快速载流子分离所致, 金属卟啉中心离子d电子数不同, 光生电荷载流子快速分离时间也略有不同.     

ZnO纳米纤维:P3HT:PCBM杂化太阳能电池光性能研究

本文探索在空气中制备高效率ZnO纳米纤维:P3HT:PCBM杂化太阳能电池的方法（简称ZnO:P3HT:PCBM电池），通过调控ZnO纳米纤维的纺丝时间，制备了效率达到2.94%的ZnO:P3HT:PCBM杂化太阳能电池。系统研究了纳米纤维的制备时间对电池光电性能的影响，采用扫描电镜（SEM）、电化学阻抗分析研究了ZnO纳米纤维的微观形貌及电池中的载流子传导特性。     

SrTiO3/ TiO2复合纳米薄膜的缺陷态

采用电化学方法,研究 SrTiO3/ TiO2复合纳米结构电极和 TiO2电极的缺陷态性质。结果表明：SrTiO3/ TiO2复合电极和 TiO2电极捕获的电子总量分别为 0. 84 ×1017cm 2和 1. 21 ×1017cm 2;两电极相比,SrTiO3/ TiO2复合电极的缺陷态密度较小,可减少光生电子和空穴的复合,增大光生载流子的浓度,增强复合材料的光活性。     

退火对薄膜P3HT-PCBM太阳能电池的光电性能影响

以吩聚噻(P3HT)/C60的衍生物(PCBM)为活性层的太阳能电池为研究对象,研究薄膜退火对电池光电性能的影响.结果表明,退火能够提高材料的结晶度,增加光的透射率,降低反射率.在140℃温度下退火,该器件光电转化效率最大.     

哈龙类物质与原子氧的反应

对哈龙类物质与原子氧的反应机理的研究 ,得到了O (1D)与CF2 ClBr,CF3 Br的反应速率常数分别为0 90× 10 -10 和 0 98× 10 -10 cm3 .molecules-1.s-1.此外 ,还研究了O(3 P)与哈龙类物质发生反应的可能性     

Sb2S3:P3HT共混物改善TiO2纳米棒阵列钙钛矿太阳电池的性能

为解决钙钛矿太阳电池中MAPbI₃的不稳定性问题,提高电池性能,对以TiO₂纳米棒阵列作为电子传输层、Sb₂S₃:P3HT共混物作为钙钛矿MAPbI₃修饰层的太阳电池进行了研究。首先,以SbCl₃作为锑源,Na₂S₂O₃作为硫源,采用溶剂热法制备合适尺寸的Sb₂S₃纳米球;其次,通过超声分散法将Sb₂S₃与P3HT在氯苯溶液中共混得到Sb₂S₃:P3HT共混物,将其旋涂于沉积了MAPbI₃薄膜的TiO₂纳米棒阵列上,形成FTO/TiO₂NR/MAPbI₃/Sb₂S₃:P3HT复合膜,制备成TiO₂纳米棒阵列MAPbI₃/Sb₂S₃:P3HT太阳电池;最后,采用SEM,XRD,J-V曲线和紫外可见吸收光谱等方法进行表征和测试。结果表明,制备的结构为FTO/TiO₂NR/MAPbI₃/Sb₂S₃:P3HT/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag的太阳电池,能量转换效率（PCE）最高达到了14.73％,与未采用Sb₂S₃:[JP]P3HT共混物修饰的TiO₂纳米棒阵列MAPbI₃太阳电池相比,能量转换效率得到了明显提升。因此,Sb₂S₃:P3HT共混物能避免出现钙钛矿MAPbI₃被氧化的不稳定性问题,可有效提高TiO₂纳米棒阵列MAPbI₃太阳电池的性能。     

P3HT和Spiro-OMeTAD共混物作为光活性层的杂化太阳电池性能

为降低电荷复合率,提高杂化太阳电池的性能,将P3HT与Spiro-OMeTAD共混后的混合物作为光活性层和空穴传输层,旋涂在Sb_2S_3纳米粒子敏化的TiO_2纳米棒(TiO_2NR/Sb_2S_3)复合膜上,制备成杂化太阳电池。通过SEM、紫外可见吸收光谱、XRD、电化学阻抗图谱、稳态荧光光谱、J-V曲线等手段,对杂化太阳电池的微观结构、光电转换特性进行了表征和测试。结果表明:P3HT与Spiro-OMeTAD共混物比例为15 mg/1 mL时,得到结构为FTO/TiO_2NR/Sb_2S_3/P3HT:Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag杂化太阳电池的电荷负荷率低,电子生命长,能量转换效率达到了4.57%。所制备的杂化太阳电池性能优良,具有良好的应用前景。     

Luminescent and photovoltaic properties of poly（9,9-dioctylfluorene- co-bithiophene） in organic electronic devices

We studied the luminescent and photovoltaic properties of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-bithiophene)(F8T2) based on ITO/PEDOT:PSS/F8T2/Bphen/LiF(0 or 1 nm)/Al and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/F8T2:PCBM/Bphen/Al.A stable and bright yellow emission was obtained from polymer F8T2,and the electroluminescence power reached 45 ?W at a 15 V driving voltage.Polymer F8T2 shows a broad absorption band from 400 to 500 nm,and has a shorter absorption edge at about 560 nm compared to that of the typical electron donor P3HT(650 nm).The photoluminescence quenching of F8T2 occurs with only a small fraction of blended PCBM due to the effective exciton dissociation at the interface between F8T2 and PCBM.Polymer solar cells(PSCs) using F8T2:PCBM as the active layer show a low power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 0.10% with an open circuit voltage(Voc) of 0.91 V and short circuit current density(Jsc) of 0.23 mA/cm2.The PSCs using F8T2:P3HT:PCBM as the active layer have a Voc of 0.85 V and Jsc of 3.02 mA/cm2,improving the PCE by about 0.90%.We attribute the improved cell performance to the higher number of photons harvested by P3HT molecules.     

Al-N 共掺杂p 型ZnO 薄膜制备及电学性能的研究

利用射频磁控溅射技术在石英玻璃上制备了ZnO:Al薄膜,继而N离子注入实现薄膜的Al-N共掺杂,随后进行了不同温度和时间的热处理。并借助X射线衍射(XRD)、霍耳测试(Hall)、X射线光电能谱仪(XPS)等手段对ZnO薄膜的性能进行了表征。实验结果表明,Al-N共掺杂ZnO薄膜在578℃退火8 min表现出较稳定的p型导电,其载流子数高达1×1018～6×1018个·cm-3,对应的电阻率为1～9Ω·cm,迁移率为1～2 cm2·V-1·s-1。与单掺N相比,实现p型导电所需的退火温度有明显降低,这很可能与Al的掺入有关。此外,XPS测试结果证实大量的Ni取代O空位是薄膜p型导电的根本原因。     

基于非富勒烯受体IEICO-4F的倍增型有机光电探测器

以非富勒烯材料O-IDTBR和IEICO-4F为电子受体,采用溶液法制备结构为ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/P3HT∶O-IDTBR/Al和ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/P3HT∶IEICO-4F/Al的2种倍增型有机光电探测器. IEICO-4F器件在波长400 nm和790 nm处的最高外量子效率(EQE)分别达7 220% 和1 610%. 在-15 V偏压下,IEICO-4F器件EQE大于100%的光谱响应范围(300~840 nm)比O-IDTBR器件(320~740 nm)宽120 nm. 与-15 V偏压下的O-IDTBR器件相比,IEICO-4F器件在波长400、510、600、790 nm处的EQE(2 630%、1 220%、1 900%、409%)分别提升1.7、1.2、0.5、24.5倍以上. 此外,IEICO-4F器件在400、510、600、790 nm处的探测灵敏度(4.8×1012、2.8×1012、5.2×1012、1.5×1012 cm·Hz1/2·W-1)分别是O-IDTBR器件的3.2、2.5、1.8、30.6倍. 结果表明:采用吸收与P3HT更互补(带隙更窄)的非富勒烯材料IEICO-4F为电子受体,有利于提升倍增型有机光电探测器的性能(特别是器件对近红外光的响应与探测能力),并拓宽器件的光谱响应范围.     

闪光法测定半透光物质热扩散率

针对传统的闪光法在物理模型上不适于用来测试半透光物质热扩散率的问题,提出了一个新的物理模型,该模型根据物质的透光性,确定样品对脉冲激光的吸收为指数型,建立了相应的微分方程并求得其解析解．在激光导热仪上对A1N、牛角2种试样进行了测试,采用正交拟合的方法计算了这2种试样的热扩散率．结果表明2个MN试样的热扩散率值分别为0．482和0．502cm     

聚乙烯的光电导初探

本文研究了正极性光电流实验中出现的动态光电流反向的现象.实验了聚乙烯薄膜材料在开、闭光时的暂态过程,对影响这一现象的物理参数以及一些相关现象进行了实验讨论.认为这一现象可能与受光电极附近的空间电荷形成附加电场有关,而反向光电流峰值反映了受陷载流子浓度与电荷分布.     

含酯基和酰胺基支链的四苯基[a,c,h,j]蒽液晶电荷传输性质的理论研究

根据Marcus半经典模型,在B3LYP/6-31G**水平上,对支链中含酯基和酰胺基的四苯基[a,c,h,j]蒽衍生物的分子结构、电子结构及电荷传输性质进行理论研究.计算结果表明:支链中酯基和酰胺基排列的对称性对电荷传输矩阵元t和传输速率常数k影响不同.所研究的4个分子中,含酯基支链的非对称性分子(a-TRO)正电荷传输矩阵元t+(2.81 kJ/mol)与速率常数k+(4.17×1012s-1)最大,有利于正电荷传输,可设计为正电荷传输材料.含酰胺基支链的非对称性分子(a-TRN)的负电荷传输矩阵元t-(4.94kJ/mol)与速率常数k-(9.02×1012s-1)在4个分子中最大,有利于负电荷传输,可设计为负电荷传输材料.     

Preparation of transparent TiO2 nanocrystalline film for UV sensor

Nanocrystalline TiO2 is a very important inorganic semiconductor function material with a wild band gap of 3.0-3.2 eV. Owing to its characteristics of selectiveabsorption for UV light, it has been extensively applied in photocatalysts, dye-sensitized sola…     

双重优化对基于P3HT:PCBM有机太阳能电池效率的提高

有效提高太阳能电池对光的吸收效率是提高太阳能电池能量转换效率的重要因素.在以poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)为电子给体材料,[6,6]-phenyl C60-butyric acid methyl eater(PCBM)为电子受体材料的有机太阳能电池中,Poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)与活性层之间插入不同厚度的P3HT层,并在P3HT层最佳厚度的基础上,进一步在活性层中掺杂不同比例的Ag纳米粒子,双重优化了电池器件.当插入45 nm的P3HT层及掺杂质量比为5%的Ag纳米粒子时活性层薄膜的形貌及内部结构得到了改善,电池对光的吸收,及外量子效率得到了显著地提高,并出现红移现象.在25°C,光强为100 mW/cm2的条件下测量其短路电流密度JSC为11.21 mA/cm2,能量转化效率PCE为3.79%.     

理论研究H2S与羟基和Cl在没有水分子和有水分子条件下的反应机理

本文用量子化学计算方法研究没有水分子和有水分子条件下对Cl+H2S和OH+H2S这两个反应产生的影响.在wb97xd/aug-cc-pvtz水平下的计算结果表明,单个水分子加到反应中会使Cl+H2S和OH+H2S这两个反应的能垒分别减小3.0kal/mol和2.2kal/mol.同时两个反应的速率常数在水分子影响下也分...     

基于LabVIEW串口通信的太阳能电池I—V曲线测试系统的设计与应用

采用LabVIEW软件平台搭建一套自动化I-V曲线测试系统,系统的数据采集部分由LabVIEW8．5软件、VISA4．1库、Keithley2000数字源表、低压电源和计算机等软、硬件所组成．对结构为ITO／PEDOT：PSS／P3HT：PCBM／Al的有机太阳能电池进行的I-V曲线测试,开路电压为0．608V,短路电流为8．25mA／cm2,填充因子为0．662,电池的转换效率为3．32％,其结果与CHI660电化学测量系统测量的结果相近,表明此系统具有可靠性、实时胜和准确性等特点．