1986-2007年祁连山八一冰川变化分析

基于1986年7月和2007年6月的两期TM遥感影像数据和DEM数据,利用遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术,绘制出祁连山八一冰川的消融情况变化图,并对冰川消融的原因进行分析。结果表明：由于20世纪80年代以来人类活动导致的温室效应严重影响了冰川的发展,祁连山八一冰川在1986年至2007年间冰川面积减少约59 km2,草地面积减少约129 km2。预计从70年代开始的冰川发展期没有完全到来就停止了,取而代之的是冰川的大面积消融。     

皖西震旦纪冰川沉积相初析

综合研究各种宏微观资料,作者首次将皖西震旦纪冰成宕划出4种冰川沉积相:A.冰川底碛——冰碛砾岩相;B.冰川消融碛——冰碛砾质砂泥岩相;C.冰湖纹泥岩相;D.冰前滨海相。其基本相序为:“C—A—C—D”;文中还对本区冰川形成环境及演化规律作了深入的探讨。     

贺兰山苏峪口正目观组冰碛砾岩的形成环境分析

以野外地质调查资料及岩石薄片为基础,通过研究贺兰山苏峪口正目观组冰碛砾岩的各种形态特征,依据冰川沉积学、沉积岩石学及古地理学等对苏峪口冰碛砾岩的形成环境进行分析.研究得出:该套冰碛砾岩是冰川搬运大小不等的岩块至苏峪口进行堆积,接着是海侵阶段,致使冰块周围水体温度升高,携带于冰块内的岩块、岩屑由于冰块的消融坠沉到海底还未固结的砂泥纹层上,并逐渐为碳酸盐泥晶掩埋形成.     

神农架大九湖地区更新世冰川遗迹的初步研究

作者通过两次实地调查,发现神农架大九湖地区更新世冰川遗迹有冰斗、槽谷、基岩鼓丘和侧碛等。冰碛砾石砾向组构分析表明砾石a轴走向大多与所在谷地走向平行,倾角18～23°;砾石ab面倾向离散,倾角15—20°。冰碛细粒部分79.1—84.5%由粉砂和砂组成,粒度频率曲线呈双峰态。冰碛石英砂表面电镜扫描成象表明砂粒表面具有典型冰川砂的特征.根据冰川地貌特征和室内分析结果,本文把该地区晚更新世气候期划分为两次冰期和一次冰缘期。     

疏勒南山岗纳楼5号冰川现代冰碛物的沉积组构特征

本文通过对疏勒南山岗纳楼冰碛物的沉积组构分析,提出了现代冰碛物的主要组构特征。水碛物成分组合简单,粒度分选作用极差。分选系数在5.14以上,平均园度约为20%。大多数冰碛石的长轴平行于其沉积时期冰川流动的方向。a轴指向N75°-89°W——S75°-89°E倾角0°-25°。沉积组构分析的方法是说明冰川沉积作用、冰成沉积物形成机理的一种有用的工具。此外,现代冰碛物的组构特征,对于研究古冰碛和冰碛岩也有着重要的意义。     

东南极格罗夫山地区新生代冰碛岩(物)的沉积环境及其意义

报道了在东南极内陆格罗夫山地区蓝冰表面碎石带中发现的具有混杂堆积特征的新生代沉积岩(物)漂砾,并认为它们可能是这一地区上新世冰川活动的产物.通过对这批沉积岩(物)的宏观沉积特征、岩石矿物的地球化学特征、粒度特征以及沉积岩中石英颗粒的表面形貌特征等的详细研究,认为这些冰碛岩(物)的沉积物颗粒具有多种来源和多种搬运方式,其形成过程中存在水、冰及密度流等多种介质的共同作用,是一种由冰川底部带、冰川内部及冰上带所搬运的沉积物的混杂堆积,其沉积环境为冰川前缘地带.最后,通过与南极其他地区上新世冰川沉积的对比,探讨了这批冰碛岩(物)在反映南极冰川演化历史方面的地质意义.     

近30年各拉丹东冰川变化及对径流的影响

冰川作为研究气候变化的因子,冰川变化对揭示地区水文和气候变化至关重要。本研究利用1989—2019年的7景遥感数据和DEM对各拉丹东冰川地貌进行研究,从而探讨在气候变化背景下冰川的变化及对径流的影响。结果表明:(1) 1989—2019年有69条冰舌消退,平均消退约236 m,最大消退区位于岗加曲巴,消退距离为3 305 m。(2)冰川面积从982. 46 km2减少到821. 15 km2,冰储量从1 721. 21 km3减少到1 213. 43 km3。引起冰川消退的主要原因是温度升高。(3)沱沱河流域径流量总体上增加,冰川融水是主要补给形式。本研究认为,各拉丹东地区温度升高导致的冰川消退现象仍在持续,冰川融水增加了流域径流量。     

琼西北地区冰川地貌陆地卫星(TM)图像解译

北门江流域更新世沉积广布、厚度巨大.在对区内的建筑砂矿进行成矿背景条件研究时利用了陆地卫星TM图像与区内的地质地球物理资料进行综合解译,发现了区内的冰蚀台面、冰洼、冰斗、冰川槽谷和冰碛堤、冰碛裙、冰水扇等冰川作用遗迹.通过对冰蚀、冰碛地貌的研究,发现它们之间是一系列有规律的组合,有其密切的成生联系,是更新世多次冰川作用的结果.     

中国小冰期气候变化特征研究

小冰期是全新世期间距今最近的寒冷气候事件,是一个全球性的现象,对于研究世纪尺度气候变化具有重要意义。总结中国不同区域小冰期气候变化研究成果可以看出,中国大部地区小冰期起始时间为15世纪,结束于19世纪末20世纪初,但在新疆、东北地区小冰期起始时间明显要比其它区域延后近半个世纪甚至一个世纪。小冰期气候变化特征可能主要受到...     

托赖山“七一”冰川流域冰碛石和冰水砾石的沉积组构分析

表文以“七1”冰川流域冰碛石和冰水砾石的组构测量为依据,对沉积物的组构特征及其与沉积环境的关系作了比较全面地讨论,冰碛石粒度频率曲线呈多峰式,粒度分选作用极差,σ_1>2,SK_1>0或<0,Kg<0.72,大多数冰碛石的长轴平行于冰流方向,冰水砾石呈双峰式,分选作用中等,δ_1=1.4-2, SK_1>0, Kg=0.92-1.14,大多数a轴平行于河流流向;C轴指向下游;ab面逆流倾斜,平均倾角30°左右,作者指出,冰碛石和冰水砾石的组构特征,对于研究沉积环境和鉴定古冰川、冰水沉积的成因类型有着重要的意义。     

Preliminary results of ice radar investigation along the traverse between Zhongshan and Dome A in East Antarctic ice sheet: Ice thickness and subglacial topography

During the 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 24, 2007/08), a ground-based ice radar was used to survey ice thickness and subglacial topography along the 1170 km traverse between Zhongshan and Dome A in East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS). Ice-bedrock interface was detected along 82% of the traverse and data was collected at a horizontal resolution of <5.6 m. The data was processed to produce curves of ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography along the traverse. The results indicate that, along the traverse, the average ice thickness is 2037 m, smaller than the average ice thickness in EAIS; the thickest ice is at 730 km, and the thinnest ice (891 m) is at the edge of the ice sheet, but the slightly larger ice thickness (1078 m) in inland appears at 1020 km; the average subglacial topography elevation is 728 m, greatly larger than the average value in EAIS, and the largest elevation reaches up to 2650 m at 1034 km. The lowest terrain is located at 765 km. In further inland of 900–1170 km, the subglacial topography is relatively high due to the existence of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains in the region. Generally, the influence of subglacial topography on ice surface is not significant, except at 900 km where great rise of subglacial topography causes evident uplift of ice surface. Where ice-bedrock interface was detected, the frequent and strong change of ice thickness and subglacial topography in small-scale means large bedrock roughness along the traverse, and is considered as the result of the integrated influence of ice flow, basal environments and geology. The segment where bedrock was not detected has very large ice thickness. The strong ice flow there also makes internal structure more complicated and induces serious attenuation of radar signals.     

Recent area and ice volume change of Kangwure Glacier in the middle of Himalayas

This paper calculated and evaluated the area and ice volume changes of Kangwure Glacier in Mt. Xixiabangma, middle of Himalayas in the past 3 decades, based on the field survey of glacier boundary position by differential GPS and glacier depth by Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), together with the topographic map and remote sense data. The studied data showed that the Kangwure Glacier has experienced significant mass deficit since the 1970s, with 34.2% of area loss, 48.2% of ice volume loss and 7.5 m of average thickness decrease. This result revealed that the ice volume loss of Himalayan glaciers was more serious than expected. Analysis of meteorological data from two weather stations in the region of Mt. Xixiabangma, shows that the air temperature of this region has risen from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. Significant retreat of Himalayas glacier driven by climatic warming will have a remarkable impact on hydrology and ecosystem.     

Mass change study on Arctic glacier Pedersenbreen, during 1936–1990–2009

Pedersenbreen is a small polythermal valley glacier, located in Svalbard, which has been one of the two glaciers monitored by Chinese Arctic expedition members since 2004. This study estimates its area and volume and analyzes its change during 1936-1990-2009, using field collected GPS/GPR data in 2009 and historical topographic maps published by the Norwegian Polar Institute. We have found that Pedersenbreen is just like many other valley glaciers in Svalbard, having experienced a significant recession since the end of Little Ice Age in the early 20th century. The glacier tongue has retreated more than 0.6 km, while ice volume has decreased by approximately 13%. The overall thinning rate of Pedersenbreen has shown acceleration during the recent decades. Further analysis shows that the ice tongue in the downstream area of Pedersenbreen is melting at the highest rate, while a simultaneous accumulation occurred in the upstream. However, as global temperatures increase, the accumulation area is reducing year by year.     

Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch

The stability of the Antarctic ice shelves in a warming climate has long been discussed, and the recent collapse of a significant part, over 12,500 km2 in area, of the Larsen ice shelf off the Antarctic Peninsula has led to a refocus toward the implications of ice shelf decay for the stability of Antarctica's grounded ice. Some smaller Antarctic ice shelves have undergone periodic growth and decay over the past 11,000 yr (refs 7-11), but these ice shelves are at the climatic limit of ice shelf viability and are therefore expected to respond rapidly to natural climate variability at century to millennial scales. Here we use records of diatoms, detrital material and geochemical parameters from six marine sediment cores in the vicinity of the Larsen ice shelf to demonstrate that the recent collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf is unprecedented during the Holocene. We infer from our oxygen isotope measurements in planktonic foraminifera that the Larsen B ice shelf has been thinning throughout the Holocene, and we suggest that the recent prolonged period of warming in the Antarctic Peninsula region, in combination with the long-term thinning, has led to collapse of the ice shelf.     

Variations in air temperature during the last 100 years revealed by δ~(18)O in the Malanice core from the Tibetan Plateau

By comprehensive analyses,it was found that the variations in δ^18O recorded in Malan ice core from the Kekexili Region on the Tibetan Plateau could represent the changes in air temperature during the summer half year (from May to October) over the Kekexili Region and the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The general increase trend in δ^18O in the ice core during the past century indicated climate warming,and it was estimated that air temperature during the summer half-year rose about 1.2℃ over there then.However,this ice core record documented that the study area has been cooling while most of the world has been dramatically warming since the late 1970s. A tele-connection was found between the variations in δ^18O in the Malan ice core and the North Atlantic Oscillation.Moreover,the variations in δ^18O in this ice core were similar to that in the summer half-year air temperature over the southern Tibetan Plateau on the centurial time scale,but opposite on the multidecadal time scale.     

Ammonium record over the last 96 years from the muztagata glacier in Central Asia

As a major alkaline gas in the atmosphere, ammonia （NH3） plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. However, there is little knowledge about NH3 variations in the Central Asia. Here we analyzed the ammonium （NH4^＋） history recorded in an ice core from the East Pamir in Central Asia, which was drilled on the Mt. Muztagata at the elevation of 7010 m a.s.I, in 2003. The core was carefully dated and NH; concentration history during 1907-2002 was reconstructed. The result shows that NH; concentration remained approximately constant until the 1930s after a sudden decrease at the very beginning of the 20th century, followed by a minimum in 1940 before increasing steadily to the peak at the end of 1990s. It is found that the annual mean NH4^＋ concentration was strongly associated with the Northern Hemisphere temperature, suggesting the impact of temperature on NH3 emissions in the Central Asia. Moreover, an increase of NH4^＋ concentration after 1940 also reflects the enhancement of NH3 emissions from anthropogenic sources such as fertilizer applications and livestock wastes in the 20th century.     

Ice radar investigation at Dome A, East Antarctica: Ice thickness and subglacial topography

Dome A, located in the central East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS), is the highest summit of the Antarctic ice sheet. From ice-sheet evolution modeling results, Dome A is likely to preserve over one million years of the Earth’s paleo-climatic and -environmental records, and considered an ideal deep ice core drilling site. Ice thickness and subglacial topography are critical factors for ice-sheet models to determine the timescale and location of a deep ice core. During the 21st and 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 21, 2004/05; CHINARE 24, 2007/08), ground-based ice radar systems were used to a three-dimensional investigation in the central 30 km×30 km region at Dome A. The successfully obtained high resolution and accuracy data of ice thickness and subglacial topography were then interpolated into the ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography digital elevation model (DEM) with a regular grid resolution of 140.5 m×140.5 m. The results of the ice radar investigation indicate that the average ice thickness in the Dome A central 30 km×30 km region is 2233 m, with a minimal ice thickness of 1618 m and a maximal ice thickness of 3139 m at Kunlun Station. The subglacial topography is relatively sharp, with an elevation range of 949–2445 m. The typical, clear mountain glaciation morphology is likely to reflect the early evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet. Based on the ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography characteristics, the location of Kunlun Station was suggested to carry out the first high-resolution, long time-scale deep ice core drilling. However, the internal structure and basal environments at Kunlun Station still need further research to determine.     

Climate in China during the four special periods in Holocene

Characteristics of temperature over China during the four special periods in the Holocene, i.e. the Megathermal, the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age and the Modem Warm Period, are analyzed. The Megath-ermal period was 8.5—3.0 kaBP.the maximum temperature appeared at about 5.5—6.0 ka and 7.0 kaBP, while the temperatures were about 2X1 above the average of the latest one hundred years. During the Medieval Warm Period, from the late 9th century to the 13th century, the temperatures were warmer over eastern China. Some maximum temperatures were close to the mean value in 1880s—1970s. However, the climate in the 12th century was cold. Over the west part of China, temperatures did not show the same features as that over the east except the moderate warmth appeared during the second half of the 9th century. There were five cold spells in China during the last millennium; in the early 12th, 14th and 16th centuries, the late of 15th century, the 17th and 19th centuries. In these cold periods, the last three spells can be considered as the Little Ice Age of China, the minimum of temperature anomaly was below - 1.01 and - 0.51 for the 10 years' and 30—50 years' mean respectively. The 20th century was the warmest in the last 12 centuries, and was 0.5t wanner than the last 1200 year's mean. During the last one hundred years, the warmest period appeared in 1920s—1940s, but the highest annual temperature occurred in 1998 in which the temperature anomaly was + 1.38t with respect to the mean temperaure of 1961s—1990s.     

Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima

During the Last Glacial Maximum, ice sheets covered large areas in northern latitudes and global temperatures were significantly lower than today. But few direct estimates exist of the volume of the ice sheets, or the timing and rates of change during their advance and retreat. Here we analyse four distinct sediment facies in the shallow, tectonically stable Bonaparte Gulf, Australia--each of which is characteristic of a distinct range in sea level--to estimate the maximum volume of land-based ice during the last glaciation and the timing of the initial melting phase. We use faunal assemblages and preservation status of the sediments to distinguish open marine, shallow marine, marginal marine and brackish conditions, and estimate the timing and the mass of the ice sheets using radiocarbon dating and glacio-hydro-isostatic modelling. Our results indicate that from at least 22,000 to 19,000 (calendar) years before present, land-based ice volume was at its maximum, exceeding today's grounded ice sheets by 52.5 x 10(6) km. A rapid decrease in ice volume by about 10% within a few hundred years terminated the Last Glacial Maximum at 19,000 +/- 250 years.     

Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response.

The average air temperature at the Earth's surface has increased by 0.06 degrees C per decade during the 20th century, and by 0.19 degrees C per decade from 1979 to 1998. Climate models generally predict amplified warming in polar regions, as observed in Antarctica's peninsula region over the second half of the 20th century. Although previous reports suggest slight recent continental warming, our spatial analysis of Antarctic meteorological data demonstrates a net cooling on the Antarctic continent between 1966 and 2000, particularly during summer and autumn. The McMurdo Dry Valleys have cooled by 0.7 degrees C per decade between 1986 and 2000, with similar pronounced seasonal trends. Summer cooling is particularly important to Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems that are poised at the interface of ice and water. Here we present data from the dry valleys representing evidence of rapid terrestrial ecosystem response to climate cooling in Antarctica, including decreased primary productivity of lakes (6-9% per year) and declining numbers of soil invertebrates (more than 10% per year). Continental Antarctic cooling, especially the seasonality of cooling, poses challenges to models of climate and ecosystem change.