乙醇DI对汽油PI发动机性能与爆震的影响

文章在一台汽油缸内直喷发动机的基础上,建立了发动机的三维计算模型,标定了原机的喷雾模型和燃烧模型,并在此基础上进行了乙醇缸内直喷(ethanol direct injection,EDI)+汽油进气道喷射(gasoline port injection,GPI)的仿真模拟,研究EDI喷油时刻、点火时刻、进气温度对发动机缸内混合气的形成、燃烧、排放的影响和乙醇燃料特性对爆震抑制的贡献率。仿真模拟结果表明:通过改变EDI喷油时刻,影响乙醇的蒸发雾化程度,在缸内形成不同程度的混合气当量比分布;喷油时刻在上止点前250°CA时,缸内混合气均匀,产生最佳的燃烧相位。在最大爆震极限火花提前时,通过进气加热抵消乙醇汽化潜热的影响,得出乙醇高汽化潜热和高火焰传播速度对OH自由基的抑制率分别为23.5%、76.5%。     

直喷发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料的燃烧特性

开展了缸内直喷火花点火发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料燃烧特性和放热过程的试验研究．研究结果表明：在给定喷射脉宽条件下，天然气掺氢比小时，燃烧放热率低，当氢气的体积分数达到10％～18％后，对提高混合燃料发动机燃烧速率有明显效果；火焰发展期、快速燃烧期、燃烧持续期和放热率曲线型心位置对应的曲轴转角随掺氢比增加呈先增加后减小趋势，当氢气的体积分数达到18％时可以缩短火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和燃烧持续期，放热率曲线型心位置对应的曲轴转角靠近上止点；缸内最高燃烧压力、最高燃气平均温度、最大压力升高率和最高放热率随掺氢比的增加呈先减小后增加趋势；天然气掺氢燃烧特性在低转速时比在高转速时受掺氢比的影响大．     

二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料HCCI燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究混合气浓度及燃料掺混对二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料HCCI（homogeneous charge compression ignition）燃烧特性的影响,对不同过量空气系数和二甲醚掺混比下的醇醚混合燃料HCCI燃烧过程进行了模拟计算,分析了缸内温度、压力、压力升高率、放热率和燃料消耗路径随过量空气系数和二甲醚掺混比的变化关系。结果表明,随过量空气系数增大,缸内压力、温度、放热率和压力升高率峰值减小,相位推迟,过量空气系数太大时,CO的进一步氧化反应会受到阻碍,使缸内产生大量的CO残留;随二甲醚掺混比的增大,缸内压力、温度峰值增大,相位提前,压力升高率和放热率峰值减小;二甲醚HCCI燃烧放热率曲线存在3个峰值,第1个峰值出现上止点前曲轴转角30°,为二甲醚低温氧化放热,对应缸内温度为804 K,第2个峰值出现在上止点前曲轴转角15°,对应缸内温度为1 193 K,为甲醛等中间产物氧化生成CO时放热,第3个峰值为CO氧化,生成CO₂时放热,第2和第3个放热率峰值为二甲醚的高温氧化放热阶段,与甲醇掺混燃烧时,二甲醚的低温氧化反应对混合气的燃烧起到了促进作用。     

增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性研究

为研究增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性,在一台增压直喷汽油机上进行了不同喷油时刻下燃用M0,M10,M15和M20(甲醇体积分数分别为0%,10%,15%和20%的甲醇汽油混合燃料)的微粒排放测量试验。结果表明：微粒数量浓度粒径谱密度呈双峰分布,核态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在23.71-27.38 nm,积聚态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在64.94-86.6 nm,各模态微粒峰值变化与数量浓度变化相同,随喷油时刻的推迟先下降后上升,在80°CA ATDC(进气上止点后)喷油时最少,随甲醇比例的增大先升高后降低,燃用M15时最多;燃用纯汽油M0时,发动机在100°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多,燃用甲醇汽油混合燃料时,发动机在40°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多;微粒表面积浓度粒径谱密度均呈单峰分布,峰值粒径主要集中在86.6-153.99 nm,总表面积浓度变化与总数量浓度变化相同,但变化幅度更大。     

乙醇汽油双燃料双喷射系统发动机燃油互换的对比研究

将1台GDI(gasoline direct injection)增压发动机改装成乙醇汽油的双燃料双喷射系统发动机,系统地对比研究EPI+GDI(进气道喷射乙醇+缸内直喷汽油)和EDI+GPI(缸内直喷乙醇+进气道喷射汽油)2种燃烧模式对提高发动机燃油经济性、降低气态常规排放和微粒排放的影响规律。研究结果表明:当量比油耗bESFC随乙醇质量分数wethanol的增加逐渐降低;由于乙醇较高的汽化潜热对缸内直喷的充量冷却效果更好,EDI+GPI燃烧模式的燃油经济性比EPI+GDI的好;2种燃烧模式的HC排放量均随wethanol增加而减小;CO排放量随着wethanol增加先减小后增大,但在转折点(wethanol=40%)前,EDI+GPI燃烧模式的CO排放量大;在转折点后,EPI+GDI的CO排放量大;EPI+GDI燃烧模式的NOx排放量随wethanol的增加而增大,而EDI+GPI的NOx排放量呈现相反的趋势;微粒粒径均随着wethanol的增加逐渐降低,乙醇良好的蒸发特性和较高的氧摩尔分数不仅抑制了微粒的生成,而且促进了微粒的氧化;EDI+GPI燃烧模式的微粒排放量明显比EPI+GDI的大。     

喷油时刻对缸内直喷汽油机性能的影响

通过对某涡轮增压缸内直喷汽油机缸内流动、混合气形成及燃烧过程的数值模拟,并借助发动机台架试验中获得的油耗、排放及燃烧数据,研究了喷油开始时刻对发动机性能的影响.结果显示,对于5 000r.min-1工况,喷油开始时刻为400°曲轴转角是混合气雾化混合的最佳方案,此时混合气分布比较均匀且点火时刻火花塞附近具有较高的湍动能,10%～90%燃烧持续期最短且HC排放较低,从而使其具有最佳的燃油经济性与燃烧稳定性.而2 000r.min-1工况的最佳喷油开始时刻推迟了30°曲轴转角.喷油提前,壁面油膜量增加,混合气当量比下降及火花塞附近较低的湍动能使得燃烧速率降低,因此HC排放、燃油经济性及燃烧稳定性均会变差.同样的情况也出现在推迟喷油中,由于混合不充分使得点火时刻混合气均匀度下降,从而使发动机性能恶化.     

M15对增压直喷汽油机小负荷工况下燃烧和性能的影响

在一台缸内直喷汽油机上,针对M15(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为15%)和M0(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为0,即纯汽油)两种燃料,试验研究了点火提前角、喷油提前角和喷射压力等控制参数的调整对样机在小负荷、低转速下,燃烧、性能及排放的影响规律和影响差异。研究结果表明:相同喷射脉宽及控制参数条件下,M15汽油的最高燃烧压力比M0的低4%,但最高压力点对应的曲轴转角与M0基本相同。相同喷射脉宽下,燃用M15比燃用M0的发动机输出扭矩下降约10%左右,但燃油经济性有所提高,并分别存在一个点火提前角和喷油提前角,使得转矩最大、燃油消耗率最小,此点火提前角为20°CA(BTDC)、喷油提前角为300°CA(BTDC);而喷射压力对转矩和燃油消耗率影响较小。当使用M15燃料后,HC、CO和NO_x排放均比M0有所降低;M15和M0的HC、CO和NO_x排放均随点火提前角减小而减小;随喷油提前角的变化呈现不规律的变化;喷射压力对HC和NO_x排放的影响不很明显,而对CO呈波动状态。     

甲醇缸内直喷复合导流分层燃烧系统的优化研究

综合缸内直喷发动机壁面引导、喷雾引导和气流引导分层燃烧系统的特点,在一台柴油机改造的火花点火发动机上,开展了甲醇缸内直喷复合导流分层燃烧的研究.对影响燃烧系统性能的导流面位置、火花塞伸出缸盖的距离、涡流比、供油提前角、点火提前角、喷油器启喷压力、喷油嘴形式等主要参数进行了优化.优化后的甲醇发动机可以实现过量空气系数为2.23的分层燃烧,在1 500r/min时扭矩为135 N·m(是同工况下原柴油机的65.5%),热效率达到29.7%,较好地实现了分层燃烧系统的优化匹配.     

用混合燃烧模型研究缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机的燃烧

通过引入湍流燃烧延迟系数，将单步不可逆反应模型和漩涡破碎燃烧模型结合在一起，建立了一个新的混合燃烧模型．利用混合燃烧模型对一台采用火花点火、缸内直喷、周向分层燃烧系统的醇类燃料发动机的燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟，计算所得的缸内压力和燃烧放热速率与实验结果吻合良好．模拟结果表明，在缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机中，混合气能稳定地实现由浓到稀的周向分层，醇类燃料高的汽化潜热导致混合气温度较低，燃烧过程中预混燃烧与扩散燃烧并存，燃烧速率非常快．     

缸内直喷液化石油气/柴油混合燃料发动机燃烧特性研究

根据实测示功图,系统分析了柴油中掺混不同比例的液化石油气(LPG)时发动机的燃烧放热规律.研究结果表明:混合燃料中LPG的质量分数小于10%时,其燃烧放热规律与纯柴油基本相同,随着LPG质量分数的增大,最高爆发压力和压力升高率降低,对应的曲轴转角滞后;当发动机转速较低时,在LPG质量分数大于20%后,混合燃料的燃烧始点比纯柴油延迟7°~11°,最高燃烧放热率略高于纯柴油,对应的曲轴转角滞后,预混合燃烧量增加,扩散燃烧量减小,燃烧持续期缩短约6°~9°;当发动机转速较高时,在LPG质量分数大于20%后,混合燃料的燃烧始点比柴油延迟11°~13°,最高燃烧放热率远低于纯柴油,燃烧持续期延长约22°~25°;在不优化发动机供油提前角等参数时,LPG的质量分数不宜高于20%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with