低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液性能研究

华北油田致密储层属于低孔低渗储层,需要压裂改造才能投产,但储层厚度小,孔吼半径小,在压裂过程中应特别关注入井流体对储层的伤害问题。提出采用分子量为常规瓜尔胶一半的小分子瓜尔胶作为压裂液的稠化剂的方法,以降低压裂液高分子稠化剂对储层孔吼的堵塞的伤害,提高改造效果。优选了与小分子瓜尔胶匹配的分散剂、助排剂、黏土稳定剂,形成了适应华北油田致密储层的低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液体系。该压裂液体系可以在5 min内完全溶胀;该压裂液体系在130℃温度下剪切2 h后,黏度保持在80 m Pa·s以上,满足携砂的要求;压裂液体系在90℃可在90 min内完全破胶,破胶液粒径小于10μm;对华北油田致密岩心伤害率小于16%,残渣含量小于10%,对支撑剂导流带的伤害小于15%。可满足华北油田致密储层的压裂要求。     

清洁压裂液导流能力伤害对比实验研究

清洁压裂液作为一种新型压裂液体系,具有清洁、低污染、破胶彻底、残渣少、压后退排率高等特点,在特低渗储层具有良好的应用前景.通过对比常规瓜胶压裂液、低伤害压裂液和清洁压裂液的压裂充填裂缝导流能力伤害实验,定量分析不同压裂液体乐对压裂裂缝导流能力的伤害率,从而可以直观评价清洁压裂液对储层的伤害特点,为清洁压裂液的推广应用提供重要依据.     

生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵对羟丙基瓜胶压裂液破胶和降解作用

针对延长低渗、低压和低温油藏压裂过程中压裂液破胶慢以及破胶液残渣大对储层造成的伤害,以生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵为复合破胶剂,在40℃以下,分别考查SUN-1加量、过硫酸铵加量、引发剂加量、温度和pH等因素对压裂液破胶速度和破胶液残渣的降解作用的影响,最后优化出复合破胶的最佳条件.利用马尔文激光粒度仪分析了在复合破胶剂的作用下,破胶液中固体颗粒粒径分布,利用岩心流动仪和支撑剂导流仪评价了复合破胶剂作用下的压裂液破胶液对岩心和支撑剂导流能力的伤害.结果表明:生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵复合破胶剂的最佳使用温度低于50℃,交联液过硫酸铵中加质量分数为200×10-6的酶,原胶液pH=7~8,与单剂比较复合破胶剂对压裂液的破胶时间减小了近43%,残渣降解下降了44.6%,固体颗粒粒径中值下降40%,对支撑剂导流能力的伤害下降了近60%,岩心伤害下降近43%.     

胍胶压裂液伤害性研究

水力压裂过程中,压裂液的伤害影响着压裂改造的效果。胍胶破胶液中的水不溶物、残渣等固相颗粒不会侵入低渗地层,胍胶对地层的伤害可逆,可通过返排过程渐渐恢复至90%。胍胶对支撑剂导流层的伤害随浓度增加而增加,且几乎不可逆;关键是施工过程中就要降低伤害。对羟丙基胍胶与羧甲基羟丙基胍胶系列配方,以及不同浓度的配方分别对支撑剂导流层伤害分析,胍胶使用量越大、浓度越高、残渣越高对导流能力的伤害越大。在F4区块现场应用证明,降低胍胶压裂液的伤害可大幅提高产能。     

酸预处理在水力压裂中降低伤害机理研究

低渗透储层进行常规加砂压裂常常由于压裂液破胶不彻底、残渣和滤液伤害等问题而影响压裂改造效果。压 裂前的酸预处理技术可降低压裂过程中伤害,改善压裂效果。利用激光粒度仪对常规压裂液破胶与酸性环境下压裂 液破胶过程中瓜胶分子尺寸进行定量观测,研究不同破胶环境下岩石基质伤害的主要因素;通过电镜扫描对注入破胶 液与酸液后伤害的岩芯进行微观分析。研究表明,在酸液存在条件下压裂液破胶后瓜胶分子尺寸大幅度降低,瓜胶分 子尺寸的降低比酸性环境对降低岩石渗透率伤害贡献更大,酸液能够很好地解除压裂液伤害,提高岩芯渗透率,同时 由于酸溶蚀可形成较为明显的溶蚀孔道,进一步提高基质渗流能力。     

安棚低渗裂缝性储层高温压裂液研究与应用

分析了安棚低孔、低渗裂缝性储层对压裂液的基本要求,确定了评价压裂液性能的实验温度,优化了稠化剂、胶联剂、破胶剂、助排剂等添加剂,形成了适宜于安棚油田的压裂液体系,该压裂液具有良好的耐温、耐剪切和延迟交联特性,携砂能力强、破胶彻底、伤害低,能够满足90～140℃温度地层压裂施工的需要。提出了变浓度压裂液优化设计技术,现场实施49井次,成功率91.3％,有效解决了高温裂缝性储层压裂易砂堵的难题。     

致密砂岩气藏纳米封堵型低伤害压裂液研究

针对常规胍胶压裂液对致密砂岩气藏伤害大的难题，通过分子结构设计和正交实验，研制了一种纳米封堵型低伤害压裂液，在致密气藏压裂施工中能封堵部分压裂液于储层基质外，施工后液体能快速返排，从而有效降低稠化剂分子的滞留吸附与液相伤害。该压裂液在35$\sim$140℃、170 s$^{-1}$条件下剪切120 min，终黏度大于80 mPa$\cdot$s；能彻底破胶，残渣含量低，破胶液表面张力为25.91 mN/m，对致密砂岩岩芯伤害率低于15%，封堵性能及其他综合性能满足现场施工要求。该压裂液在ZJ125井现场应用，效果良好，施工后液体返排快，返排率高达75.94%，比邻井提高47%，天然气产量1.647 5$\times$10$^4$m$^3$/d，是邻井JS316HF井产量的两倍，显示了其在致密砂岩气藏中良好的低滞留特性。     

安棚低渗裂缝性储层高温压裂液研究与应用

分析了安棚低孔、低渗裂缝性储层对压裂液的基本要求,确定了评价压裂液性能的实验温度,优化了稠化剂、胶联剂、破胶剂、助排剂等添加剂,形成了适宜于安棚油田的压裂液体系,该压裂液具有良好的耐温、耐剪切和延迟交联特性,携砂能力强、破胶彻底、伤害低,能够满足90～140℃温度地层压裂施工的需要。提出了变浓度压裂液优化设计技术,现场实施49井次,成功率91.3％,有效解决了高温裂缝性储层压裂易砂堵的难题。     

低孔低渗气藏高效低伤害压裂液研究

根据延长气田低孔低渗的特点,研究了一种能够适应该储层的高效低伤害压裂液。通过对压裂液各个组分的配比的研究优化出此压裂液的最佳配比,并进一步研究了此压裂液的抗剪切性能、携砂性能、破胶性能以及对地层的伤害性,发现本压裂液有着强稳定能力、流变性强,携砂能力强,破胶快及低伤害等特点,现场进行5口井的压裂施工试验,结果证明对延长油田低孔低渗气藏有较好的压裂增产效果。     

致密砂岩油藏压裂液伤害实验研究

致密砂岩油藏孔喉半径细小、连通性差,水力压裂过程中由于压裂液滤失、返排不彻底等因素极易造成储层伤害,有必要针对常用压裂液体系对储层基质和支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害进行评价。利用压裂液注入实验和导能能力测试仪测试了滑溜水压裂液、线性胶压裂液和交联胍胶压裂液的储层基质伤害、滤饼伤害和支撑裂缝导流能力伤害,结合核磁共振技术分析了压裂液滤失的孔径范围,揭示了三种压裂液对储层和支撑裂缝的伤害机理。三种压裂液对储层基质伤害和滤饼伤害与滤失系数有关,滤失系数越大,基质伤害越大,滤饼伤害越小。储层的滤饼伤害要大于基质伤害。针对致密砂岩储层,压裂液对储层基质的伤害主要是对储层中孔和大孔的伤害。三种压裂液对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害大小和破胶液的残渣含量有关,残渣含量越高,对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害也就越大。闭合压力越高,支撑裂缝导流能力伤害率也越高。对于致密砂岩油藏,减小滤饼形成和残渣的滞留是降低压裂液伤害的主要途径。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.