ON IMPROVING AN INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL FOR A SINGLE VENDOR AND MULTIPLE BUYERS WITH A RELAXED MATERIAL ORDERING CYCLE POLICY

1. Introduction With the development of information technology and the increasing market competition, simultaneously reducing inventory costs of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished items in different stages has become a major focus for supply chain management. Industrial practice and academic research have shown that VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) can improve supply chain performance by decreasing inventory levels and costs. VMI is a collaborative business initiative where the vend…     

拥挤交通网络中组合的交通出行、OD、路径分配与收费定价模型

提出交通网络中出行选择、讫点选择、路径选择和道路收费定价的组合模型。模型被表示为两层规划,低层表示出行选择、讫点选择和路径选择的随机均衡模型,预测驾驶员对道路收费模式如何响应;上层确定最优道路收费,以达到网络出行费用最小。     

Mixed-Vehicular Aggregated Transportation Network Design Considering En-route Recharge Service Provision for Electric Vehicles

This paper addresses the transportation network design problem (NDP) wherein the distance limit and en-route recharge of electric vehicles are taken into account. Specifically, in this work, the network design problem aims to select the optimal planning policy from a set of infrastructure design scenarios considering both road expansions and charging station allocations under a specified construction budget. The user-equilibrium mixed-vehicular traffic assignment problem with en-route recharge (MVTAP-ER) is formulated into a novel convex optimization model and extended to a newly developed bi-level program of the aggregated NDP integrating recharge facility allocation (NDP-RFA). In the algorithmic framework, a convex optimization technique and a tailored GA are adopted for, respectively, solving the subproblem MVTAP-ER and the primal problem NDP-RFA. Systematic experiments are conducted to test the efficacy of the proposed approaches. The results highlight the impacts of distance limits and budget levels on the project selection and evaluation, and the benefits of considering both road improvement policy and recharge service provision as compared to accounting for the latter only. The results also report that the two design objectives, to respectively minimize the total system travel time and vehicle miles travelled, are conflicting for certain scenarios.     

异质用户下交通拥挤控制的混合策略研究

随着出行需求及汽车保有量的增加,交通拥挤愈发严重.为了缓解交通拥挤,本文针对公私合营的交通网络,考虑用户异质性,提出了对交通网络同时实行道路收费和可交易电子路票方案的混合策略,即分别对使用政府资建的公有路段和BOT模式下的私有路段的出行用户收取电子路票和费用.通过对用户在混合策略下的出行行为分析,建立了用户均衡和路票市场均衡下的变分不等式模型.接着,对交通网络的系统最优模型进行分析,得到了促使路网在用户均衡状态下达到系统最优的混合策略集合,同时给出了混合策略下系统效率损失的上界.在此基础上进一步提出了涵盖其他目标的双层规划模型,得到能实现双重目标的最优混合策略.最后,对具体路网进行数值实验,可分别得到路网中每一公有和私有路段的具体路票收取量和收费值,以及需要设置的收取总窗口数.     

线控系统协调优化模型及其改进粒子群算法研究

为合理控制线控系统,控制参数应协调设置.本文基于分层递阶技术优化设计控制参数.首先将元胞传播模型(CTM)进行改进,考虑出口道车队离散延误,建立干线路段及交叉口分流、合流交通流模型,使CTM适于网络交通流分析.然后,针对线控系统现状研究忽视共用周期优化的问题,基于控制参数间的相依关系,考虑上、下行相位差关系,建立两级递阶控制模型;协调级根据主次干道车流状况,以系统总延误最小为目标同时优化共用周期和双向相位差;控制级优化绿信比使所控交叉口延误最小.同时,采用分段变化的惯性因子选择机制改进粒子群优化算法.最后,将协调优化模型及其粒子群算法应用于某仿真线控系统,比较研究发现协调控制效果良好.     

两种经营模式下通勤廊道停车换乘选址及停车费用优化

停车换乘作为交通需求管理措施的一个重要手段,可以有效缓解城市中心区的交通拥堵以及城市停车问题.合理的停车换乘没施选址和停车费用都将大大提高停车换乘设施的作用和完善整个城市交通系统的功效.本文以通勤廊道的停车换乘系统为对象,分别考虑政府经营和企业经营两种模式,提出了双层规划模型来描述停车换乘条件下停车换乘选址及停车费用优化问题.基于灵敏度分析的方法,提出了分支定界算法求解提出的双层规划模型.采用数值算例验证了提出的模型和算法的有效性.该研究可以为从成本与收益的角度对停车换乘设施的建设方案的评价提供决策支持,对停车换乘系统的发展和规划具有理论指导意义.     

多模式交通网络下考虑尾气排放的道路收费研究

随着出行需求和机动车保有量的迅猛增加,城市道路不堪重负,不仅交通拥堵严重,同时大量的尾气排放更造成了严重的空气环境污染问题.本文在传统的道路收费研究中明确加入排放约束或目标,建立了一系列带均衡约束的数学规划双层决策模型,探讨多模式混合交通网络下如何通过经济手段诱导人们选择更环保的出行模式和更合理的出行路径,以同时达到缓解交通拥堵和降低尾气排放的目的.模型下层考虑多模式之间的相互影响,运用变分不等式描述个体出行者的模式路径选择;上层根据不同的管理目标构建数学规划模型.采用遗传模拟退火算法对数值算例进行求解,结果显示了道路收费对系统各种指标的影响和改善.     

基于禁忌遗传算法的区域路网双层优化模型

针对区域路网优化问题,利用改进的遗传禁忌算法进行了综合研究。在探讨区域路网交通特性的基础上,构建了区域路网优化的双层优化模型。并在分析遗传算法和禁忌搜索算法自身的优势与不足的基础上,提出了基于遗传禁忌算法的路网优化算法。区域路网双层优化模型利用禁忌遗传算法能够较快得到最优解,相对于传统的优化模型更能结合区域交通与经济特性,结论比较符合实际情况。应用结果表明,优化模型不仅能够满足交通需求,而且该法科学合理、可操作性强。     

基于闭合环路的自适应区域控制系统

研究SCOOT系统和SCATS系统性能优缺点,根据我国城市道路网系统的结构特点,设计了一种基于闭合环路的自适应区域控制系统.该系统以路网中的闭合环路作为控制子区,应用信号参数优化模型计算参数组合,对不同闭合环路进行协调控制形成预选方案,通过系统设定的面控率进行判断、选择,确定最终信号控制方案.通过实例验算结果表明本文设计的控制系统能有效的减少区域交通车辆总延误、减少停车次数,起到调节交通流、缓解交通拥堵、提高道路利用率的作用.     

考虑出行者异质的多类型充电设施部署优化

考虑新型的兼容插电式充电与无线充电的电动汽车，以及路网中具有不同时间价值的出行者，本文研究了在有限投资预算约束下的多类型充电设施部署优化问题，包括传统静态插电式充电设施和动态无线充电设施在路网上的布局.本文提出了一个双层规划数学模型，上层模型描述了政府在给定投资预算下，如何确定充电设施的部署位置与类型，以使得系统总出行成本最小；下层模型采用多类型用户均衡（UE）准则来描述路网流量分配与充电设施部署位置的相互作用，即出行者的出行选择行为.针对提出的双层规划数学模型，本文提出了改进的混合整数代理模型优化算法（MSO-MI），并在其中嵌入双投影算法求解下层的多类型UE问题.算例分析验证了提出的模型和MSO-MI算法的有效性.     

Modeling the congestion cost and vehicle emission within multimodal traffic network under the condition of equilibrium

Traditional system optimization models for traffic network focus on the treatment of congestion, which usually have an objective of minimizing the total travel time.However,the negative externality of congestion,such as environment pollution,is neglected in most cases.Such models fall short in taking Greenhouse Gas(GHG) emissions and its impact on climate change into consideration.In this paper,a social-cost based system optimization(SO) model is proposed for the multimodal traffic network considering both traffic congestion and corresponding vehicle emission.Firstly,a variation inequality model is developed to formulate the equilibrium problem for such network based on the analysis of travelers’ combined choices.Secondly,the computational models of traffic congestion and vehicle emission of whole multimodal network are proposed based on the equilibrium link-flows and the corresponding travel times.A bi-level programming model,in which the social-cost based SO model is treated as the upper-level problem and the combined equilibrium model is processed as the lower-level problem,is then presented with its solution algorithm.Finally,the proposed models are illustrated through a simple numerical example.The study results confirm and support the idea of giving the priority to the development of urban public transport,which is an effective way to achieve a sustainable urban transportation.     

突发事故下交通拥堵控制策略设计

突发事故在城市交通网络中经常发生, 对交通系统的正常运行带来极大影响, 因此研究突发事故下交通拥堵的控制策略具有十分重要的意义. 研究突发事故下临时性的车辆禁行设计与可变信息板选址组合优化问题. 建立了临时性车辆禁行设计与可变信息板选址组合优化的双层规划模型, 上层目标从交通管理者的角度最小化出行者的系统总阻抗, 下层模型通过基于元胞传输的仿真描述在临时性车辆禁行与可变信息诱导下出行者的动态路径选择行为, 并提出了基于遗传算法的求解方法. 通过算例, 说明本文提出的临时性车辆禁行与可变信息诱导组合控制措施能够有效地降低突发事故所导致的交通拥堵, 提高交通网络的系统性能.     

The M/M/1 queue with working vacations and vacation interruptions

In this paper, we study the M/M/1 queue with working vacations and vacation interruptions. The working vacation is introduced recently, during which the server can still provide service on the original ongoing work at a lower rate. Meanwhile, we introduce a new policy：, the server can come back from the vacation to the normal working level once some indices of the system, such as the number of customers, achieve a certain value in the vacation period. The server may come back from the vacation without completing the vacation. Such policy is called vacation interruption. We connect the above mentioned two policies and assume that if there are customers in the system after a service completion during the vacation period, the server will come back to the normal working level. In terms of the quasi birth and death process and matrix-geometric solution method, we obtain the distributions and the stochastic decomposition structures for the number of customers and the waiting time and provide some indices of systems.     

Energy flows in complex ecological systems: a review

Energy flow drives the complex systems to evolve. The allometric scaling as the universal energy flow pattern has been found in different scales of ecological systems. It reflects the general power law relationship between flow and store. The underlying mechanisms of energy flow patterns are explained as the branching transportation networks which can be regarded as the result of systematic optimization of a biological target under constraints. Energy flows in the ecological system may be modelled by the food web model and population dynamics on the network. This paper reviews the latest progress on the energy flow patterns, explanatory models for the allometric scaling and modelling approach of flow and network evolution dynamics in ecology. Furthermore, the possibility of generalizing these flow patterns, modelling approaches to other complex systems is discussed. This research is supported by Guozhi Xu Post Doctoral Research Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60574068.     

道路瓶颈前车辆强制变道汇流过程模拟研究

建立了基于车辆强制变道汇流行为的微观交通动力学模型,模拟分析了道路瓶颈影响下的交通流量、车道速度分布和时空图等3个宏观交通流特征和变道距离、行程时间等2个微观交通流特征。结果表明：瓶颈道路上任意截面的总流量均可表征道路的整体通行能力;中高车流密度下,道路瓶颈可使道路总流量降低10%~35%,并造成17%~42%的车辆行程时间延误;道路瓶颈对其上游相当长的区域内车辆具有减速效应;道路瓶颈前车辆强制变道距离的99分位值可以作为交通信息面板位置设定的依据。     

Comparative analysis on traditional procurement and e-procurement strategy of supply chain

With increasingly intense competition between enterprises, the realization of advanced supply chain management has become an exquisite premise for the survival of firms. Procurement management is an important means to reduce costs and to enhance the competitive advantage. By exploiting the single period newsvendor model, this paper analyses and compares the benefit mechanisms of e-procurement and traditional procurement to quantify the effect of the Internet on supply chain procurement management in a neutral e-market. This work was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 70125004 and 70572050. Guangshu Chang is a lecturer of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautics. He received his master degree from Zhengzhou University in 2000. His research interests include e-commerce, supply chain management and quality management. Jichao Xu is a professor of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautics. His research interests include quality management and quality engineering. Jianfeng Yang is a PhD student of Management School, Northwestern Polytechnical University. His research interest includes quality management. Jinfeng He is a PhD student of Management School, Northwestern Polytechnical University. Her research interest includes quality management. Li Zhang is a PhD student of Management School, Northwestern Polytechnical University. Her research interest includes quality management.     

ROBUST DESIGN MODELS FOR CUSTOMER-SPECIFIED BOUNDS ON PROCESS PARAMETERS

1. Introduction Robust design (RD) techniques based on the concept of building quality into a design are increasingly popular in industry primarily because of their practicality. There have been many attempts to integrate Taguchi’s RD principles with well-established statistical techniques, such as response surface methodology (RSM), in order to model the response directly as a function of control factors (Vining and Myers 1990). RSM is a collection of mathematical and statistical techni…     

A perishable inventory system with service facilities, <Emphasis Type="Italic">MAP</Emphasis> arrivals and <Emphasis Type="Italic">PH</Emphasis> — Service times

We consider a continuous review perishable （s,S） inventory system with a service facility consisting of a waiting hall of finite capacity and a single server. We assume two types of customers, ordinary and negative, arrive according to a Markovian Arrival Process （MAP）. An ordinary customer joins the queue and a negative customer instead of joining the queue removes one ordinary customer from the queue. The removal rule adopted in this paper is RCE （removal of a customer from the end）. The individual customer＇s unit demand is satisfied after a random time of service which is assumed to have a phase-type distribution. The life time of each item and the lead time of the reorders have been assumed to be independent exponential distributions. The joint probability distribution of the number of customers in the system and the inventory level is obtained for the steady state case. Various stationary system performance measures are computed and the total expected cost rate is calculated. The results are illustrated numerically.     

快速路出口通行能力的可靠性仿真研究

随着中国经济的迅速发展，对交通的需求变得越来越迫切，各大城市都建立了快速路系统。快速路上没有交通信号灯，车辆可以高速行驶，但是在快速路的出口，由于右转车等待向右并线，使快速路上的车辆不能及时驶出，甚至导致整条道路的严重拥堵。出口成了影响快速路通行能力可靠性的瓶颈，无法有效地发挥快速路迅捷、通畅的作用。依据交通需求满意可靠性观点，利用仿真数据，研究在车辆到达服从泊松分布，不同到达率、右转率、让行率条件下，由右转车向右并线引起的道路通行能力可靠性变化，给出分析结果和一些有价值的结论。     

INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE,DYNAMICS OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FIRMS

1. Introduction In the past decades, the evolutionary perspective has contributed lot to the economics (Arthur and Durlauf et al 1997, Dosi and Nelson 1994, Aruka 2001). The economy is studied as an evolving complex system with many features in complexity such as nonlinear interactions and emergent properties. In reality, the economic system consists of many adaptive agents. They learn from each other, and their values may be influenced by others’ values and actions. These interactions amo…