碳捕获与封存技术专利分析

碳捕获与封存（CCS）是在不需要降低化石燃料使用量的情况下,减少温室气体排入大气的一种手段。为了达到这种效果,必须使用技术从排放气体中分离和捕获二氧化碳,并把二氧化碳转化为甲醇等资源或者把二氧化碳封存到地质沉积物中。随着温室气体排放与气候变暖问题的加剧,国际上对CCS技术的关注日益加强,这也反映在专利申请的发展趋势上。利用Thomson Data Analyzer分析工具和Aureka分析平台对Derwent Innovations Index（DII）专利文献进行分析,表明CCS专利主要涉及化学、工程、仪器、能源与燃料、高分子科学等学科领域。CCS技术经历了起步阶段、波动增长阶段和快速增长阶段。DII收录的CCS专利主要来自日本、美国、德国、中国、法国等。各国研究的重点有所不同,德国用催化剂从废气等中脱除氮氧化物的比例比其他国家高,法国通过液化或固化分离气体的比例较高,荷兰一般化合碳方面所占比例高。最近3Af-加拿大、中国、韩国申请专利的数量增长速度最快,表明这些国家近期在该技术领域创新比较活跃。对CCS技术的关注在今后一段时间内将持续上升,我国需继续支持该领域的研发创新工作。     

CO_2减排技术研究进展

因燃烧化石燃料而排放的温室气体所导致的环境问题已经成为全球性问题。在这些温室气体中,CO2所占的比例最高。与此同时,CO2在化学工业中有很大的用途。因此,从烟气中分离CO2并将其资源化利用具有十分重要的意义。本文从燃料的前期处理、CO2的分离和捕集、后期封存及其资源化利用三个方面介绍了CO2减排及其资源化利用的途径和方法,并对各减排方法进行了分析和比较,总结了各方法的优劣性及其适用范围,对CO2减排技术的发展前景和面临的挑战进行了展望。     

New proofs of the recent climate warming over the Tibetan Plateau as a result of the increasing greenhouse gases emissions

The Tibetan Plateau (TP, 75-105oE, 27.5-37.5oN) is the highest and largest highland in the world with a variety of climate and ecosystems. The TP exerts pro- found influences not only on the local climate and en- vironment but also on the global atmospher…     

Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) can affect biotic and abiotic conditions in soil, such as microbial activity and water content. In turn, these changes might be expected to alter the production and consumption of the important greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) (refs 2, 3). However, studies on fluxes of N(2)O and CH(4) from soil under increased atmospheric CO(2) have not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we show, using meta-analysis, that increased CO(2) (ranging from 463 to 780 parts per million by volume) stimulates both N(2)O emissions from upland soils and CH(4) emissions from rice paddies and natural wetlands. Because enhanced greenhouse-gas emissions add to the radiative forcing of terrestrial ecosystems, these emissions are expected to negate at least 16.6 per cent of the climate change mitigation potential previously predicted from an increase in the terrestrial carbon sink under increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. Our results therefore suggest that the capacity of land ecosystems to slow climate warming has been overestimated.     

植树造林对减缓CO2排放的效应及对策

定量分析了森林生态系统对ＣＯ２的吸收作用，并估算了化石燃料ＣＯ２释放量，通过平衡比较，表明我国ＣＯ２化石燃料排放量大于森林吸收量，成为ＣＯ２逐年累积有共温室效应的主要原因之一，为此，建立减缓ＣＯ２排放的植树造林规划模型，利用ＬＮＤＯ５０软件进行计算，能够简便，快捷地获得结果；并提出减缓ＣＯ２排放的最优造林方案及其对策。     

Mitigation of greenhouse gases released from mining activities: A review

Climate changes that occur as a result of global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases(GHGs)released into the atmosphere are an alarming issue.Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is critically important for the current and future status of mining activities.The mining industry is one of the significant contributors of greenhouse gases.In essence,anthropogenic greenhouse gases are emitted directly during the actual mining and indirectly released by the energy-intensive activities associated with mining equipment,ore transport,and the processing industry.Therefore,we reviewed both direct and indirect GHG emissions to analyze how mining contributes to climate change.In addition,we showed how climate change impacts mineral production.This assessment was performed using a GHG inventory model for the gases released from mines undergoing different product life cycles.We also elucidate the key issues and various research outcomes to demonstrate how the mining industry and policymakers can mitigate GHG emission from the mining sector.The review concludes with an overview of GHG release reduction and mitigation strategies.     

氢动力汽车和电动汽车在中国的应用前景分析

为了分析电动汽车和氢动力汽车在中国的应用前景,使用从油井到车轮的生命周期评价方法,对以煤基原料提供动力的电动汽车和氢动力汽车的循环的生命周期化石能消耗和温室气体排放进行了对比。结果表明:从全生命周期的角度看,未采用CO2捕集与封存技术时,电动汽车在生命周期化石能消费和温室气体排放方面优势明显。随着CCS技术的大规模商业化,氢动力汽车的全生命周期温室气体排放将优于电动汽车,但这需要以生命周期化石能消费的增加为代价,中国政府有必要加大对电动汽车的关注。     

Mitigation of greenhouse gases released from mining activities: A review

Climate changes that occur as a result of global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases(GHGs) released into the atmosphere are an alarming issue.Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is critically important for the current and future status of mining activities.The mining industry is one of the significant contributors of greenhouse gases.In essence, anthropogenic greenhouse gases are emitted directly during the actual mining and indirectly released by the energy-intensive activities associated with mining equipment, ore transport,and the processing industry.Therefore, we reviewed both direct and indirect GHG emissions to analyze how mining contributes to climate change.In addition, we showed how climate change impacts mineral production.This assessment was performed using a GHG inventory model for the gases released from mines undergoing different product life cycles.We also elucidate the key issues and various research outcomes to demonstrate how the mining industry and policymakers can mitigate GHG emission from the mining sector.The review concludes with an overview of GHG release reduction and mitigation strategies.     

污水处理厂温室气体排放评估

大气中温室气体(GHG)浓度的上升导致全球气候变化,其中,污水处理厂GHG的排放不容忽视。我国污水处理厂的数量及处理能力逐年攀升,针对污水处理厂GHG排放的研究具有重要意义。该文将污水处理厂GHG排放源划分为直接排放部分、能耗部分、物耗部分及其他部分,提出每部分相应的GHG排放折算因子,构建了相应的评价体系,以指导污水处理厂的低碳运行。利用该评价体系评估了北方一座污水处理厂的全厂GHG排放特征和机制,并对沼气回收前后的排放情况进行比较。结果表明,该厂CO2排放量为5.68×105 kg/d。其中直接排放占排放总量的60%以上;通过沼气产能回收可大量降低GHG排放。     

Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption

Atmospheric brown clouds are mostly the result of biomass burning and fossil fuel consumption. They consist of a mixture of light-absorbing and light-scattering aerosols and therefore contribute to atmospheric solar heating and surface cooling. The sum of the two climate forcing terms-the net aerosol forcing effect-is thought to be negative and may have masked as much as half of the global warming attributed to the recent rapid rise in greenhouse gases. There is, however, at least a fourfold uncertainty in the aerosol forcing effect. Atmospheric solar heating is a significant source of the uncertainty, because current estimates are largely derived from model studies. Here we use three lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles that were vertically stacked between 0.5 and 3 km over the polluted Indian Ocean. These unmanned aerial vehicles deployed miniaturized instruments measuring aerosol concentrations, soot amount and solar fluxes. During 18 flight missions the three unmanned aerial vehicles were flown with a horizontal separation of tens of metres or less and a temporal separation of less than ten seconds, which made it possible to measure the atmospheric solar heating rates directly. We found that atmospheric brown clouds enhanced lower atmospheric solar heating by about 50 per cent. Our general circulation model simulations, which take into account the recently observed widespread occurrence of vertically extended atmospheric brown clouds over the Indian Ocean and Asia, suggest that atmospheric brown clouds contribute as much as the recent increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases to regional lower atmospheric warming trends. We propose that the combined warming trend of 0.25 K per decade may be sufficient to account for the observed retreat of the Himalayan glaciers.     

A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles

To understand better the link between atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate over geological time, records of past CO2 are reconstructed from geochemical proxies. Although these records have provided us with a broad picture of CO2 variation throughout the Phanerozoic eon (the past 544 Myr), inconsistencies and gaps remain that still need to be resolved. Here I present a continuous 300-Myr record of stomatal abundance from fossil leaves of four genera of plants that are closely related to the present-day Ginkgo tree. Using the known relationship between leaf stomatal abundance and growing season CO2 concentrations, I reconstruct past atmospheric CO2 concentrations. For the past 300 Myr, only two intervals of low CO2 (<1,000 p.p.m.v.) are inferred, both of which coincide with known ice ages in Neogene (1-8 Myr) and early Permian (275-290 Myr) times. But for most of the Mesozoic era (65-250 Myr), CO2 levels were high (1,000-2,000 p.p.m.v.), with transient excursions to even higher CO2 (>2,000 p.p.m.v.) concentrations. These results are consistent with some reconstructions of past CO2 (refs 1, 2) and palaeotemperature records, but suggest that CO2 reconstructions based on carbon isotope proxies may be compromised by episodic outbursts of isotopically light methane. These results support the role of water vapour, methane and CO2 in greenhouse climate warming over the past 300 Myr.     

崇明东滩湿地不同植物群落下沉积物中CO2和N2O的释放动态研究

湿地生态系统温室气体排放与植物群落之间的关系是近年来全球气候变化研究的热点。为揭示滨海湿地不同植物群落下沉积物中温室气体的释放规律,以崇明东滩为原型区域,采集光滩(无明显植物覆被)、互花米草、互花米草-芦苇共生及芦苇等4个采样带沉积物样品,观测CO₂和N₂O的释放特征。结果表明:互花米草、互花米草-芦苇、芦苇群落的沉积物中CO₂累积释放量(1 066～1 105 mg/kg)显著高于光滩((846±22)mg/kg),但3种植物群落之间并无显著差异(P<0.05)。结合CO₂累积释放量与沉积物中全氮含量(ω(TN))之间的显著正相关关系(P<0.05),可以认为,湿地沉积物全氮含量对CO₂释放的影响可能比植物群落大。相比较而言,芦苇群落下沉积物中N₂O累积释放量为(0.41±0.01)mg/kg,明显高于互花米草-芦苇群落的(0.32±0.01)mg/kg、互花米草群落的(0.23±0.01)mg/kg和光滩的(0.21±0.00)mg/kg。这表明,芦苇群落有利于沉积物中N₂O的产生或释放。未来对滨海湿地N₂O排放进行调控与评估过程中,芦苇及其生境的作用应当给予重点关注。     

城市温室气体清单编制与分析——以天津为例

为分析城市温室气体减排潜力提供基本方法和数据,以天津市为例,把温室气体排放源分为能源活动、工业生产、农业和废物等4个单元,提供了一套城市温室气体清单编制方法,并对城市主要碳源和碳强度进行分析．结果表明：如果天津市经济和温室气体排放维持近10年的平均增长速度,或可达到国务院提出的“十二五”减排目标;但由于诸多不确定性因素的存在,要实现减排目标还需挖掘减排潜力;天津能源消耗产生的温室气体占总排放量的72．2％,而按行业计算,工业产生的温室气体占总排量的77．9％．因此对主要工业碳源推行试点碳审计,制定行业碳排放标准,提高能源效率,降低能耗,是温室气体减排的关键因素．     

辽宁省重点钢铁企业碳排放与配额分配分析

 钢铁行业能耗大、碳排放高,是碳交易市场建设的重要参与者。分析辽宁省重点钢铁企业的碳排放核查数据发现,2013-2017年辽宁省重点钢铁企业主营产品粗钢产量为5465.49~5876.37万t;辽宁省重点钢铁企业纳入碳排放权交易体系的碳排放总量为10046.39~12468.14万t,碳排放强度呈下降趋势。从碳排放类别看,化石燃料燃烧产生的碳排放量最多,占企业总排放量的80%以上,其次是净购入电力、热力使用产生的碳排放量,约占13%。从不同工序看,炼铁工序碳排放量最大,平均占比40.82%,且呈明显下降趋势,其他辅助工序碳排放呈大幅度上升趋势。企业碳排放总量和总能耗均与主营产品产量呈显著线性正相关关系。以2017年辽宁省钢铁行业碳排放量为基础,发现纳管的15家企业的配额总量约为10700.51万tCO₂,总体表现为配额盈余。     

能源型城市减缓温室气体排放对策研究——以长治市为例

介绍了火电、水泥、钢铁等行业CO2排放现状,提出了长治地区工业企业CO2减排措施,旨在为减少温室气体排放提供理论基础。     

生物柴油对能源和环境影响的研究

基于美国能源部的生物柴油统计数据，利用生命循环分析法，对生物柴油从生产到消耗的生命循环中的能量消耗和产出、循环中的排放以及生物柴油汽车尾气排放等方面进行了分析。分析结果表明：生物柴油循环的石化能效比提高，大约是柴油的4倍；生物柴油循环中CO2排放降低，大约降低了78.4%；发动机排气管有害物质的排放中，除NOx排入增加8.89%外，CO、HC、PM等有害物质的排放大幅度降低。     

森林土壤温室气体通量对森林管理和全球大气变化的响应

森林土壤是温室气体重要的源和汇。探讨不同森林管理和全球大气变化下土壤温室气体通量特征,为有效减少温室气体排放及森林可持续管理等提供参考。笔者从森林土壤温室气体(forest soil green house gases)、森林管理(forest mangement)和全球大气变化(global atmospheric change)3个关键研究点,查阅近年来相关研究成果,归纳森林管理和全球大气变化下土壤温室气体通量的一般性模式。CO₂、CH₄和N₂O是3种重要温室气体,其通量间存在协同、消长和随机型耦合关系。森林管理如火烧、采伐和造林等显著影响土壤温室气体通量。一般情况下,火烧导致土壤N₂O通量降低,CH₄吸收量增加,CO₂通量因火烧类型、火烧强度、生态系统类型不同出现增加、减低和无影响3种结果; 采伐通常导致土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放增加; 造林可使土壤CO₂排放减少,对N₂O和CH₄通量的影响随生态系统类型、造林树种等而改变。全球大气变化如CO₂浓度升高、氮沉降和气温升高影响森林土壤温室气体通量。通常,CO₂浓度升高导致土壤CO₂和N₂O排放量增加,CH₄吸收量降低; 氮沉降促进土壤N₂O排放、抑制CH₄吸收。气温升高导致土壤CO₂和N₂O排放增加。森林管理和全球大气变化对土壤温室气体通量的综合影响是非叠加的,有效的森林管理可能改变土壤温室气体通量对全球大气变化的响应。     

Application and Development of Biomass Fuels for Transportation in China

Biomass fuels have become a big concern due to the large increase in green house gases and the rapid rise of petroleum prices around the world. This paper reviews recent developments in biomass fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, in China. Ethanol-gasoline mixture (E10) for vehicles is currently distributed in nine provinces while biodiesel is under development. One way to extend the application of ethanol is to burn it in diesel engines to lower soot emissions. The effects of the different methods blending ethanol with fossil diesel, and blending biodiesel with fossil diesel and ethanol-diesel on the combustion and emissions are investigated. The test results show that ethanol and biodiesel can be mixed with fossil diesel to greatly reduce particulate matter and soot emissions from diesel engines. But the application of ethanol blending with fossil diesel is more difficult than that of ethanol blending with gasoline, and biodiesel blending with fossil diesel. The dual-fuel injection of ethanol and diesel systems has the highest smoke reduction effect for a high ethanol fraction.     

减缓全球气候变暖的新途径

因人类对化石燃料的大量燃烧,致使大气中产生了过量的温室气体CO2,导致全球气候变暖,海平面上升.为了避免温室效应可能给人类带来的灾害,应控制CO2向大气中的过量排放.减少和控制CO2在大气中过量聚集的一种新途径是将工业产生的CO2封存于地质建造中.最适宜CO2封存的地质建造是油气田废弃的或正在生产的储油气层、煤田中的不可采煤层和深层多孔隙含盐建造.人类在石油和天然气生产方面的经验是CO2封存技术和机理研究的有益基础.     

温室气体减排与CO2资源化宏观研究与探讨

介绍了近一段时间全球温室气体减排的进展及面临的形势,并预测了未来二氧化碳的排放趋势.着重对CO2的资源化问题进行了分析和探讨,从CO2作为再生资源的角度讨论了CO2的回收、利用和处置技术;同时指出资源化问题存在的挑战和负面影响.证明CO2资源化对温室气体减排作用不明显,应大力提倡"无悔"行动.最后从热力学角度分析了CO2问题的本质.